Geologic hazards assessment of Cairo and vicinity     

A. F. Kamel  A. A. El Sokkary 《Natural Hazards》1996,13(3):253-274

The greater area from Cairo to west of Suez and a smaller area directly around Cairo are subjected to general and detailed analysis of hazard due to geological fractures. Fracture density contour maps and rose diagrams of the fracture trends are provided. Possible natural geologic hazards which might affect the area are discussed. These include landslides, block failure, earthquakes, maars, fumarolic activity, hot springs, caves and possible rejuvenation of old fault systems.  相似文献   

矿产勘探与生产孔对接井施工与应用          下载免费PDF全文

向军文  周铁芳 《探矿工程》1996,(5):31-33

采用螺杆钻受控定向钻进技术及水平井钻井技术，使地表两口相距数百米的井，以中半径水平井在地下深处对接，实现两井连通水溶采矿，着重介绍对接井施工技术及其在矿产开采中的应用。  相似文献   

川西螺髻山冰川侵蚀地貌研究   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

刘耕年 《冰川冻土》1989,(3)

定量分析发现影响该地区冰斗形态的因素有海洋性较强的气候,朝向北(极向),朝向东和较大的地形起伏四种。槽谷的横剖面可以公式化为Y=a·X~b,槽谷形态不对称由冰川差异侵蚀和冻融差异所致。发现两种冰川侵蚀裂痕,即挤压剪切裂痕和拉张剪切裂痕。  相似文献   

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的测井识别与评价方法研究   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12  

景建恩  梅忠武  李舟波 《地球物理学进展》2003,18(2):336-341

塔河油田奥陶系以碳酸盐岩为主，油气的主要储渗空间为裂缝和溶蚀孔洞，具有很强的非均质性．本文利用常规及成像测井资料，对碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的识别与评价方法进行研究．为了综合各种测井方法识别裂缝，建立了综合裂缝概率模型，计算综合裂缝概率指示裂缝的发育程度．利用地层微电阻率扫描成像测井资料进行裂缝和溶蚀孔洞的定性、定量解释．定量计算的裂缝参数为：裂缝密度、裂缝长度、裂缝平均宽度、平均水动力宽度、裂缝视孔隙度；定量计算的溶蚀孔洞参数有：面孔率、孔洞密度．根据缝洞型储层孔隙空间类型及其中子孔隙度、补偿密度、声波、双侧向电阻率的测井响应物性特征，建立缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙介质解释模型，用于确定裂缝、溶蚀孔洞孔隙度和评价储层．  相似文献   

Paragenesis of Cretaceous to Eocene carbonate reservoirs in the Ionian fold and thrust belt (Albania): relation between tectonism and fluid flow   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Van Geet  R. Swennen  C. Durmishi†  F. Roure‡  PH. Muchez 《Sedimentology》2002,49(4):697-718

ABSTRACT This paper examines the diagenetic history of dual (i.e. matrix and fracture) porosity reservoir lithologies in Cretaceous to Eocene carbonate turbidites of the Ionian fold and thrust belt, close to the oil‐producing centre of Fier–Ballsh (central Albania). The first major diagenetic event controlling reservoir quality was early cementation by isopachous and syntaxial low‐Mg calcite. These cements formed primarily around crinoid and rudist fragments, which acted as nucleation sites. In sediments in which these bioclasts are the major rock constituent, this cement can make up 30% of the rock volume, resulting in low effective porosity. In strata in which these bioclasts are mixed with reworkedmicrite, isopachous/syntaxial cements stabilized the framework, and matrixporosity is around 15%. The volumetric importance of these cements, their optical and luminescence character (distribution and dull orange luminescence) and stable isotopic signal (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C averaging respectively; ?0·5‰ VPDB and +2‰ VPDB) all support a marine phreatic origin. Within these turbidites and debris flows, several generations of fractures alternated with episodes of cementation. A detailed reconstruction of this history was based on cross‐cutting relationships of fractures and compactional and layer‐parallel shortening (LPS) stylolites. The prefolding calcite veins possess orange cathodoluminescence similar to that of the host rock. Their stable isotope signatures (δ¹⁸O of ?3·86 to ?0·85‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of – 0·14 to + 2·98‰ VPDB) support a closed diagenetic rock‐buffered system. A similar closed system accounts for the selectively reopened and subsequently calcite‐cemented LPS stylolites (δ¹⁸O of ?1·81 to ?1·14‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of +1·52 to +2·56‰ VPDB). Within the prefolding veins, brecciated host rock fragments and complex textures such as crack and seal features resulted from hydraulic fracturing. They reflect expulsion of overpressured fluids within the footwall of the frontal thrusts. After folding and thrust sheet emplacement, some calcite veins are still rock buffered (δ¹⁸O of ?0·96 to +0·2‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of +0·79 to +1·37‰ VPDB), whereas others reflect external (i.e. extraformational) and thus large‐scale fluid fluxes. Some of these veins are linked to basement‐derived fluid circulation or originated from fluid flow along evaporitic décollement horizons (δ¹⁸O around +3·0‰ VPDB and δ¹³C around +1·5‰ VPDB). Others are related to the maturation of hydrocarbons in the system (δ¹⁸O around ?7·1‰ VPDB and δ¹³C around +9·3‰ VPDB). An open joint system reflecting an extensional stress regime developed during or after the final folding stage. This joint system enhanced vertical connectivity. This open joint network can be explained by the high palaeotopographical position and the folding of the reservoir analogue within the deformational front. The joint system is pre‐Burdigalian in age based upon a dated karstified discordance contact. Sediment‐filled karst cavity development is linked to meteoric water infiltration during emergence of some of the structures. Despite its sediment fill, the karst network is locally an important contributor to reservoir matrix porosity in otherwise tight lithologies. Development of secondary porosity along bed‐parallel and bed‐perpendicular (i.e. layer‐parallel shortening) stylolites is interpreted as a late‐stage diagenetic event associated with migration of acidic fluids during hydrocarbon maturation. Development of porosity along the LPS system enhanced the vertical reservoir connectivity.  相似文献   

A late ordovician/early silurian non-depositional slope and perched roll-over basin along the tywi anticline,mid wales     

D. M. D. James 《Geological Journal》1991,26(1):7-26

Ordovician stratigraphy between the Sugarloaf and the Wye valley is summarized with particular attention given to the area northeast of Abergwesyn. New data refine thickness estimates for the Cerriggwynion Formation, the Trembyd Formation (new), and the Cefn Cynllaith Formation (new). The major Bron Rhudd Fault is suggested to have been a synsedimentary down-to-basin fault which was later reactivated, folded, and suffered local reversal of throw. Roll-over into this fault controlled deposition of mass-flow conglomerates in a perched basin. During the late Ordovician-early Silurian the axis of the Tywi Anticline underlay a non-depositional slope which developed by northwest-directed progradation of a shelf margin, possibly accentuated by flexure over a basement fault zone with contemporaneous basin-down normal movement. The slope angle cannot be estimated from the geometry of the Ordovician because the contemporaneous throw on the Bron Rhudd Fault cannot be determined, but from the rate of Silurian onlap it was about 5 degrees.  相似文献   

Frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients in fractured media     

Shuo Pang  Alexey Stovas 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(3):926-940

When a porous layer is permeated by mesoscale fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can cause significant attenuation and dispersion of velocities and anisotropy parameters in the seismic frequency band. This intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing can create frequency-dependent reflection coefficients in the layered medium. In this study, we derive the frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients versus incidence angle in the fractured medium. We consider a two-layer vertical transverse isotropy model constituted by an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce the intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing in the sand layer. Based on the series coefficients that control the behaviour of velocity and anisotropy parameters in the fractured medium at low frequencies, we extend the conventional amplitude-versus-offset equations into frequency domain and derive frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset equations at the elastic–anelastic surface. Increase in fracture length or fracture density can enlarge the frequency dependence of amplitude-versus-offset attributes of PP and PS waves. Also, the frequency dependence of magnitude and phase angle of PP and PS reflection coefficients increases as fracture length or fracture density increases. Amplitude-versus-offset type of PP and PS reflection varies with fracture parameters and frequency. What is more, fracture length shows little impact on the frequency-dependent critical phase angle, while the frequency dependence of the critical phase angle increases with fracture density.  相似文献   

大汶口盆地岩盐对接井钻探施工工艺研究          下载免费PDF全文

岳盈括 《探矿工程》2020,47(3):31-37，43

大汶口盆地蕴藏着丰富的岩盐资源,岩盐矿矿层埋深较深,上覆地层为古近系巨厚的松散泥岩、砂岩,易发生遇水软化,施工难度较大。山东肥城海晶盐化有限公司实施100万t/年卤折盐采输卤工程,实施卤井7组,每组井深约3000 m。定向对接井要求精准定点造斜、连续造斜。本文介绍了对接井施工中采用的关键施工工艺及MWD无线随钻测斜仪在定向钻进中进行钻井轨迹控制的应用实例。对如何在岩盐地层钻进、螺杆钻具应用、定点造斜等关键技术措施进行了详细阐述,以期为同类型卤水对接井项目施工中提供参考。  相似文献   

土耳其卡赞碱矿对接井水溶开采技术创新综述          下载免费PDF全文

刘汪威  涂运中  刘海翔  张新刚  林修阔 《探矿工程》2020,47(8):14-23

土耳其卡赞碱矿钻井项目主要利用高精度中靶技术使定向水平井与垂直井在碱层中对接后进行水溶开采的方法。该项目通过长期大量的钻井工作,在已有的钻井技术与地质条件基础上,改进完善了与地层相适应的钻井技术,建立了矿区三维地质模型,设计应用了水平分支对接井,优化了钻井轨迹设计,建立起非矿层与矿层的基准物探测井响应曲线,探索出矿区地层致斜机理及相应钻井防斜措施,研究并应用了各种井底钻具组合与设备,采用了提高水平钻井轨迹控制精度的技术方法。上述多种水溶采矿钻井技术创新措施的应用,提高了矿山规划能力、降低了施工成本、提高了资源回采率、缩短了施工工期、降低了劳动强度、提高了钻进效率、减少了施工用地以及对环境的破坏。可为天然碱矿及可溶性矿产的整体矿山规划,以及钻井水溶采矿技术的提高提供借鉴。  相似文献   

土耳其天然碱溶采钻井项目管理实践          下载免费PDF全文

胡汉月  陈晓林  刘志强  刘海翔 《探矿工程》2020,47(8):3-6

土耳其天然碱溶采钻井项目包括ETI SODA开发合同一~六期和KAZAN SODA开发合同一~三期,共成功实施溶采井组200余组。海外钻井工程涉及的影响因素较多,除常规的钻井工程技术问题外,还需要适应当地的政治、法律、风俗、汇率、海运、关税等问题。项目部在实施过程中根据海外钻井工程特点以及现场施工环境,加强项目人员、设备材料、现场作业、安全及风险等方面的管理,发挥指导、管理、控制作用,降低工程风险,提高收益,确保项目顺利完工。本文就土耳其天然碱溶采对接井钻井项目人员组织管理、设备器具管理、现场作业程序管理、HSE管理及风险管理进行了介绍,总结了一些海外钻井项目管理经验。  相似文献