Multi-frequency satellite radar imaging of cultural heritage: the case studies of the Yumen Frontier Pass and Niya ruins in the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor     

Fulong Chen  Nicola Masini  Jie Liu  Jiangbin You  Rosa Lasaponara 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2016,9(12):1224-1241

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing is increasingly favoured in archaeological applications. However, the effectiveness of this technology for archaeological prospection has so far not been fully assessed. In this study, an integrated single-date and multi-temporal SAR data-processing chain was proposed to sharpen archaeological signs and hence their detection and monitoring. In total, 14 scenes of X-band Cosmo-SkyMed, C-band Sentinel-1 and L-band PALSAR data covering the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor in China were employed for two important archaeological sites including the Yumen Frontier Pass with emerging archaeological traces and Niya ruins with subsurface remains. The results pointed out that single-date satellite radar data were useful for the identification of subsurface traces buried under desert in the landscape-scale, whereas for the identification of emerging monuments, Sentinel-1 was limited by its lower spatial resolution compared to TerraSAR and PALSAR data. Multi-date products, such as interferometric coherence, the averaged radar signatures and RGB multi-temporal composites, were effective to sharpen archaeological traces as well as for change detection in Yumen Frontier Pass. This study presents a pilot assessment of satellite SAR data for the analysis and monitoring of archaeological features in the predominantly arid-sandy environmental characteristic of investigated sites.  相似文献   

Ground-based hyperspectral remote sensing of hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations at cement,Oklahoma     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2016

Hydrocarbon seepages bring oil and gas from petroleum reservoirs to the surface, these hydrocarbons can generate various kinds of rock alterations, including bleaching of red beds and mineralogical changes. Satellite and airborne remote sensing techniques have been utilized in the detection of rock alterations and hydrocarbon seepages; however, they have limited resolutions and are unable to map vertical outcrops. Ground-based remote sensing techniques hold great potential to characterize rocks with great precisions and resolutions. This study used ground-based Specim hyperspectral data to detect hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations of the Rush Springs sandstone at the Cement field in southeast Anadarko basin, Oklahoma. Hyperspectral data of outcrops and hand specimens were examined, and spectral angle mapper technique was used to compare spectral similarity between image pixels and reference spectra. Laboratory spectroscopy was used to assist with mineral identification and image classification. Remote sensing data detected bleaching of red beds and carbonate cementation. Combining lithological, spectroscopic, remote sensing and geochemical data, this study built a model for petroleum seepage and related rock alterations, and provided a workflow for employing remote sensing techniques in resource exploration.  相似文献   

Great new insights from failed experiments,unanticipated results and embracing controversial observations     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(1):1-12

Experimental data and observations, whether telescopic or analytical, are never wrong, though data derived from such sources can be misinterpreted or applied inappropriately to derive conclusions that are incorrect. Given that nature always behaves according to the laws of physics and chemistry, rather than according to currently popular models and theories, experimental results should always be considered correct even when the results are far from those that one might initially expect. We discuss a number of cases where the results of experiments, even one carried out as a simple calibration measure, produced wildly different results that generally required many years of effort or contemplation to understand. On the positive side, exploration of the circumstances that produced the “errant” results often led to new and interesting insights concerning processes that might occur in natural environments and that were well worth the effort involved.Specifically, we show how an experiment that “failed” due to a broken conductor led to experiments that made the first refractory oxide solids containing mass independently fractionated oxygen isotopes and to 1998 predictions of the oxygen isotopic composition of the sun that were confirmed by the analysis of Genesis samples in 2011. We describe a calibration experiment that unexpectedly produced single magnetic domain iron particles. We discuss how tracking down a persistent source of “contamination” in experiments intended to produce amorphous iron and magnesium silicate smokes led to a series of studies on the synthesis of carbonaceous grain coatings that turn out to be very efficient Fischer–Tropsch catalysts and have great potential for trapping the planetary noble gases found in meteorites. We describe how models predicting the instability of silicate grains in circumstellar environments spurred new measurements of the vapor pressure of SiO partially based on previous experiments showing unexpected but systematic non-equilibrium behavior instead of the anticipated equilibrium products resembling meteoritic minerals. We trace the process that led from observations of the presence of crystalline minerals detected in the comae of some comets to the 1999 prediction of large-scale circulation of materials from the hot, innermost regions of the solar nebula out to the cold dark nebular environments where comets form. This large-scale circulation was ultimately confirmed by analyses of highly refractory Stardust samples collected from the Kuiper Belt Comet Wild 2. Finally we discuss a modern and still unresolved conflict between the assumptions built into three well known processes: the CO Self Shielding Model for mass independent isotopic fractionation of oxygen in solar system solids, rapid and thorough mixing within the solar nebula, and the efficient conversion of CO into organic coatings and volatiles on the surfaces of nebular grains via Fischer–Tropsch-type processes.  相似文献   

Spectral characteristics of the Gawler Range Volcanics in drill core Myall Creek RC1     

G. Gordon  S. McAvaney  C. Wade 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(8):973-986

Traditional core-logging methods in conjunction with spectral scanning techniques have been used to log volcanic successions of the lower Gawler Range Volcanics. The open-file drill core Myall Creek RC 1 was re-logged and scanned using HyLogger? core scanning technologies as a part of the Geological Survey of South Australia's Southern Gawler Rangers mapping program and the Mineral System Drilling Program. Myall Creek RC 1 is one of the key stratigraphic drill cores for the region, owing to the intersection of a large section of the Gawler Range Volcanics. Spectral characterisation of the Eucarro Rhyolite revealed differential weathering of plagioclase phenocrysts, while high-resolution imagery and spectral results were used to log new basaltic flows and small flow features in the Roopena Basalt. The composition and distribution of feldspars in the unnamed lower Gawler Range Volcanic units were used to aid traditional logging of visually similar lithologies. A spectral scalar, the felsic–mafic index, was used to identify unusual features in the unnamed sequence and was found to identify iron oxides as either fracture coatings or finely disseminated in the matrix of the sample. Iron oxides were also used to identify features within lithological units, which were difficult to discern visually, especially the layers in the deepest layered ignimbrite at the end of the drill core.  相似文献   

Vibrational Spectroscopic Study for Qualitative Assessment of Mn‐oxide Ore          下载免费PDF全文

Swatirupa Pani  Saroj K. Singh  Birendra K. Mohapatra 《Resource Geology》2016,66(1):12-23

Manganese oxide ore from the Bonai‐Keonjhar belt of Odisha, India, has been qualitatively assessed through Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Three categories of ore, namely, high‐grade (MnO₂: >72%), medium‐grade (MnO₂: 55‐72%) and low‐grade (MnO₂:40‐55%) from four mine profiles, Purnapani, Joda West, Khandbandh and Bamebariwere, were collected and subjected to vibrational spectroscopic studies. The use of Raman analysis in the microscopic configuration allowed the spectra to be taken at different points on the polished ore. Besides the Raman features of the ß‐MnO₂(Pyrolusite) phases, other signals were assigned to isolated FeO ions accommodated in vacancies and to some aluminium silicates. The three grades of ore show different Raman spectra. The FTIR spectra also exhibit contrasting pattern in different grade sample and support these findings. This study demonstrates the use of vibrational spectroscopy to assess the quality of Mn‐oxide ore that could provide a substitute to cumbersome wet chemical analysis  相似文献   

Influence of ferric iron on the stability of mineral assemblages     

J. F. A. DIENER  R. POWELL 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(6):599-613

Ferric iron is present in all metamorphic rocks and has the ability to significantly affect their phase relations. However, the influence of ferric iron has commonly been ignored, or at least not been considered quantitatively, mainly because its abundance in rocks and minerals is not determined by routine analytical techniques. Mineral equilibria calculations that explicitly account for ferric iron can be used to examine its effect on the phase relations in rocks and, in principle, allow the estimation of the oxidation state of rocks. This is illustrated with calculated pseudosections in NCKFMASHTO for mafic and pelitic rock compositions. In addition, it is shown that ferric iron has the capacity to significantly increase the stability of the corundum + quartz assemblage, making it possible for this assemblage to exist at crustal P–T conditions in oxidized rocks of appropriate composition.  相似文献   

Mutual effects of nitric oxide and iron on the growth of marine algae     

LIU Chunying  ZHANG Zhengbin  CHEN Xiaorui 《海洋学报(英文版)》2005,24(5):100-109

Experiments on the effects of nitric oxide （NO） and iron on the growth of marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum were conducted. The results are as follows： exogenous NO could increase the growth rate of marine algae and raise the biomass remarkably under iron-deficient conditions. But it was a complicated process that the phytoplankton growth was influenced by NO and iron, which was controlled by the NO concentration, the nutrition level of the culture medium and the iron concentration, etc. Meanwhile, the iron concentration in the medium also has a direct influence on the growth and NO release capacity of the algae. Therefore, the effects of NO and iron on the growth of marine phytoplankton were mutual.  相似文献   

稀土提高富铁胎体包镶金刚石能力的试验研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王伟雄  段隆臣  田永常  邹庆化 《煤田地质与勘探》2002,30(2):62-64

研究了富铁胎体中添加稀土以后的差热分析曲线,得出了稀土可以提高富铁胎体在高温时的定压热容和降低低温时的定压热容的结论,从而揭示了稀土可以提高富铁胎体包镶金刚石能力的物理本质。力学性能测试结果表明:添加稀土的富铁胎体及其金刚石复合材料的抗弯强度、冲击韧性和孔隙度均有明显的改善。   相似文献   

NO在两种圆柏属植物叶片抗冻过程中的信号功能研究     

陈银萍  张满效  陈拓  张有福  安黎哲 《冰川冻土》2006,28(2):249-255

通过测定自然降温过程中抗氧化系统、膜脂过氧化、NO释放量、NO合成酶(NOS)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的季节变化,研究植物内源NO在圆柏属植物祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)和圆柏(Sabina chinensis)叶抗冻过程中的信号功能.结果表明:随温度降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸(Pro)、类胡罗卜素(Car)含量增加并在冬季达最大值,NO释放率、NOS和NR活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量也显著增加并在9月和2月出现两峰值;两树种叶中的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量都与平均温度和MDA含量负相关,而且NO的产生总是发生在抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量增加之前,表明抗氧化系统在清除氧自由基抑制膜脂过氧化提高抗冻性方面具有重要作用,NO作为信号分子可能激活了抗氧化系统诱导植物抗冻性.在抗冻过程中,祁连圆柏叶的NO释放率、NOS和NR活性、抗氧化酶活性以及抗氧化剂含量都高于圆柏,表明祁连圆柏具有较强的适应性策略.  相似文献   

Aluminium in glacial meltwater demonstrates an association with nutrient export (Werenskiöldbreen,Svalbard)     

&#x;ukasz Stachnik  Jacob C. Yde  Adam Nawrot  &#x;ukasz Uzarowicz  Elbieta &#x;epkowska  Katarzyna Kozak 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1638-1657

The aluminium (Al) cycle in glacierised basins has not received a great deal of attention in studies of biogeochemical cycles. As Al may be toxic for biota, it is important to investigate the processes leading to its release into the environment. It has not yet been ascertained whether filterable Al (passing through a pore size of 0.45 μm) is incorporated into biogeochemical cycles in glacierised basins. Our study aims to determine the relationship between the processes bringing filterable Al and glacier‐derived filterable nutrients (particularly Fe and Si) into glacierised basins. We investigated the Werenskiöldbreen basin (44.1 km², 60% glacierised) situated in SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard. In 2011, we collected meltwater from a subglacial portal at the glacier front and at a downstream hydrometric station throughout the ablation season. The Al concentration, unchanged between the subglacial system and proglacial zone, reveals that aluminosilicate weathering is a dominant source of filterable Al under subglacial conditions. By examining the Al:Fe ratio compared with pH and the sulphate mass fraction index, we found that the proton source for subglacial aluminosilicate weathering is mainly associated with sulphide oxidation and, to a lesser degree, with hydrolysis and carbonation. In subglacial outflows and in the glacial river, Al and Fe are primarily in the forms of Al(OH)₄^‐ and Fe(OH)₃. The annual filterable Al yield (2.7 mmol m^‐2) was of a magnitude similar to that of nutrients such as filterable Fe (3.0 mmol m^‐2) and lower than that of dissolved Si (18.5 mmol m^‐2). Our results show that filterable Al concentrations in meltwater are significantly correlated to filterable and dissolved glacier‐derived nutrients (Fe and Si, respectively) concentrations in glaciers worldwide. We conclude that a potential bioavailable Al pool derived from glacierised basins may be incorporated in biogeochemical cycles, as it is strongly related to the concentrations and yields of glacier‐derived nutrients.  相似文献