Effects of long soil surface residence times on apparent cosmogenic nuclide denudation rates and burial ages in the Cradle of Humankind,South Africa     

T.V. Makhubela  J.D. Kramers  D. Scherler  H. Wittmann  P.H.G.M. Dirks  S.R. Winkler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(15):2968-2981

In situ cosmogenic nuclides are an important tool for quantifying landscape evolution and dating fossil-bearing deposits in the Cradle of Humankind (CoH), South Africa. This technique mainly employs cosmogenic 10-Beryllium (¹⁰Be) in river sediments to estimate denudation rates and the ratio of 26-Aluminium (²⁶Al) to ¹⁰Be (²⁶Al/¹⁰Be), to constrain ages of sediment burial. Here, we use ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al concentrations in bedrock and soil above the Rising Star Cave (the discovery site of Homo naledi) to constrain the denudation rate and the exposure history of soil on the surface. Apparent ¹⁰Be-derived denudation rates obtained from pebble- to cobble-sized clasts and coarse-sand in soil (on average 3.59 ± 0.27 m/Ma and 3.05 ± 0.25 m/Ma, respectively) are 2-3 times lower than the bedrock denudation rates (on average 9.46 ± 0.68 m/Ma). In addition, soil samples yield an average ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio (5.12 ± 0.27) that is significantly lower than the surface production ratio of 6.75, which suggests complex exposure histories. These results are consistent with prolonged surface residence of up to 1.5 Ma in vertically mixed soils that are up to 3 m thick. We conclude that the ¹⁰Be concentrations accumulated in soils during the long near-surface residence times can potentially cause underestimation of single-nuclide (¹⁰Be) catchment-wide denudation rates in the CoH. Further, burial ages of cave sediment samples that consist of an amalgamation of sand-size quartz grains could be overestimated if a pre-burial ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio calculated from the surface production is assumed. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

From subsurface to surface: a multidisciplinary approach to decoding uplift histories in tectonically-active karst landscapes     

Christos Pennos  Stein-Erik Lauritzen  Konstantinos Vouvalidis  Patience Cowie  Sofia Pechlivanidou  Charikleia Gkarlaouni  Michael Styllas  Panagiotis Tsourlos  Antonios Mouratidis 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(9):1710-1721

We present an integrated study of subsurface and surficial karst landforms to unravel the uplift history of karst landscape in a tectonically-active area. To this end, we apply a multidisciplinary approach by combining cave geomorphology and Th/U dating of speleothems with remote sensing plus geophysical imaging of surface landforms. We use as an example Mt. Menikio in northern Greece where four caves share well-defined epiphreatic/shallow phreatic characteristics that are related to the distribution of surface and buried doline fields and provide evidence for three distinct water table stillstands (e.g. expressed as cave levels) now lying at ~130 m, ~800 m and ~1600 m a.m.s.l. Our dating constraints delimit the age of the lower water table stillstand prior to 77 ka ago and imply a maximum rate of relative base level drop of 0.45 mma^-1, which is consistent with relative tectonic uplift rate estimates along currently active normal faults. We interpret the elevation of the higher water table stillstands to reflect earlier phases of uplift related to the regional tectonic events associated with the development of the North Anatolian Fault and the Northern Aegean area. Our analysis shows that the combined study of epiphreatic/shallow phreatic caves and surficial karst landforms together, is a robust way to investigate the uplift history of a karst landscape in a tectonically-active setting. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal δ13CDIC sourcing and geochemical flux in telogenetic epikarst of south-central Kentucky     

Leah Jackson  Jason S. Polk 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(4):785-799

Telogenetic epikarst carbon sourcing and transport processes and their associated hydrogeochemical responses are complex and dynamic. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) transport rates in the epikarst zone are often driven by hydrogeochemical responses, which influence carbonate dissolution and conduit formation. This study examines the influence of land use on carbon sourcing and carbonate dissolution kinetics through a comparative analysis of separate, but similar, epikarst systems in south-central Kentucky. The use of high-resolution hydrogeochemical data from multiple data loggers and isotope analysis from collected water samples reflects the processes within these epikarst aquifers, which are estimated to contribute significantly to bedrock dissolution. Results indicate that, in an agricultural setting, long-term variability and dissolution is governed by seasonal production of CO₂ . In a more urbanized, shallower epikarst system, land cover may affect CO₂ transport between the soil and underlying bedrock. This concentration of CO₂ potentially contributes to ongoing dissolution and conduit development, irrespective of seasonality. The observed responses in telogenetic epikarst systems seem to be more similar to eogenetic settings, which is suggested to be driven by CO₂ transport occurring independent of high matrix porosity. The results of this study indicate site-specific responses with respect to both geochemical and δ¹³C_DIC changes on a seasonal scale, despite regional geologic similarities. The results indicate that further comparative analyses between rural and urban landscapes in other karst settings is needed to delineate the impact of land use and seasonality on dissolution and carbon sourcing during karst formation processes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Groundwater Systems and Eco-hydrological Features in the Main Karst Regions of China     

LU Yaoru  ZHANG Feng''e  LIU Changli  TONG Guobang  ZHANG Yun Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences  Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology  Environmental Geology  Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences  Shijiazhuang  Hebei 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(5):743-753

1 Introduction Karst topography is widespread in China (Lu et al., 1973; Lu, 1986a), but its basic features are quite different in the main karstified areas in southern and northern China (Lu, 1999, 2003). The karst development appears to differ not only in the karst geomorphological types but also in the forms of the different karst water systems. The eco-hydrological features have obviously been influenced by human activities. The eco-hydrogeology is thus of great importance to study. Th…  相似文献   

长江在三峡库区段实现东流过程探讨     

张加桂 《地质论评》2006,52(5):656-661

三峡如何贯通并实现东流的问题历来是学术界关注和争议的问题。笔者认为,三峡的连通不是简单的江汉平原水系与四川盆地水系的连通,而是包括三峡库区段众多中小盆地及其水系的纵横交织性连通,连通过程中有地表水的溯源侵蚀作用,也有地下水的溶蚀、风化和侵蚀作用。地表水的流路与地下水的流路不尽相同,地下水的作用形成地下河,许多峡谷是地下河经进一步溶蚀垮塌形成的。地表河与地下河相连接构成长江主河道。虽然当时的水流有东西分流,但没有明显的分水岭,许多地段水流的方向因各盆地降雨量的变化而频繁改变。由于河流下切和新构造运动造成地表西升东降,最后流向四川盆地的水改向东流,形成统一的长江。三峡库区段是年轻的河段,成为完全地表河和东流的时间不长。这些认识对深化大江大河的成因理论具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

多参数物探测量在探测岩溶裂隙上的应用     

汤良明  全贵龙  朱大友  姚炼  王艾 《贵州地质》2006,23(2):124-126

本文所述工程实例开始设计应用视电阻率测深来探测工程区的岩溶裂隙发育情况。实际工作中,根据电阻率测深时各种参数的变化来进行综合资料解释,发现在测深时随着测量极距的变化而电位差未变这一反常现象,从而判断在该极距范围内为一等势体,改用充电法圈定等势体范围,很好地探明了工程区的岩熔裂隙发育情况。  相似文献   

西南岩溶石山区地下水开发在石漠化防治中的地位   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王明章 《贵州地质》2006,23(4):261-265

石漠化的形成和发展与缺水密切相关,水资源开发利用是石漠化防治的首要问题。本文分析了石漠化形成和发展实质、岩溶石山区水资源的空间分布和开发利用条件,从理论上论述了岩溶地下水开发与石漠化治理的关系,并以实例论证了岩溶地下水开发对石漠化防治的效果。指出岩溶地下水的开发利用在岩溶石山地区石漠化防治中具有重要的地位。  相似文献   

Interpretation of groundwater level monitoring results in karst aquifers: examples from the Dinaric karst     

Ognjen Bonacci  Tanja Roje‐Bonacci 《水文研究》2000,14(14):2423-2438

The paper presents an attempt to determine the characteristics of karst aquifers using information on groundwater level (GWL) in natural holes and boreholes with different data quantity and time resolution of GWL measurements. In this paper the particulars of karst aquifers were analysed for four examples from the Dinaric karst. In all four study areas, aquifers are formed in bare, deep and well‐developed Dinaric karst consisting of Cretaceous limestones. The first example represents a wide area of Imotsko polje in the karst. The aquifer was analysed on the basis of infrequent water level monitoring in natural karst water features (jamas, lakes, wells) and discharges of springs and rivers. The karst aquifer in this example is complex, non‐homogenous and variable in space and time, which is frequent in the Dinaric karst. Regardless of the aforementioned it was possible to determine its elementary characteristics. The second example represents 10 wells used for the water supply for the city of Pula. The GWL and salinity were measured once a week in the period between 1981 and 1996. Even though these measurements were relatively infrequent in space and time, they served as bases for assessment of average and maximum aquifer conditions as well as boundaries of saltwater intrusion. In the third example only a portion of aquifer of the karst spring Blaz, which is in the contact with the Adriatic Seas, has been analyzed. It is a spring with an intrusion of salt water. For purposes of study of saltwater intrusion, 26 piezometers were drilled in its vicinity in which GWL, salinity and temperature were measured once a day during 168 days, a period comprising one complete cycle of seawater intrusion and retreat. These measurements proved the existence of dispersed discharge from the aquifer into the sea and its non‐homogeneity in space. In the fourth example GWL was measured continuously in 10 deep (up to 300 m) piezometers in the hinterland of the Ombla Spring catchment. The measurement period lasted 2 years (January 1988 to December 1989). The analyses are made with hourly data. The results made it possible to determine numerous characteristics of the karst aquifer and a significant non‐homogeneity of groundwater distribution in karst aquifers, depending more on the underground karst phenomena than the surface karst forms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

黔中地区浅覆盖型岩溶塌陷成因机制与防治对策--以紫云县白云小学为例     

杨元丽  孟凡涛  李明惠 《中国岩溶》2020,39(1):80-87

黔中地区处于贵州省第二阶梯,平均海拔800~1600 m。具有可溶岩分布面积广、岩溶极其发育、第四系土层覆盖薄、地下水埋深浅、地下水动力条件强等特点。岩溶地面塌陷是该区主要地质灾害之一。为了查明贵州省紫云县白云小学岩溶塌陷的成因及发育机制,在塌陷区开展了水文地质调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、岩土样测试等多项工作。综合研究表明,白云小学岩溶塌陷是特殊的"水-土-岩"不良因素共同作用的产物。根据塌陷区的岩土组构特征,建议在黔中岩溶地区进行工程选址前,采用"监测预防+控水+工程治理"综合防治措施。  相似文献   

松藻矿区岩溶瓦斯“四位一体”防治技术及应用研究     

董鹏举  李琼芳  董发勤  代群威  刘凡  宋娜  赵晓夏  崔杰  罗尧东  Xin Zhang  O''Driscoll Mike 《中国岩溶》2020,39(1):88-94

岩溶瓦斯问题已成为影响和制约煤矿安全生产的重要致灾因素。为保障岩溶影响区岩石巷道掘进过程中的施工安全,有效防治岩溶瓦斯灾害,以重庆松藻矿区为研究对象,分析了岩溶瓦斯来源及岩溶瓦斯赋存规律,提出了基于岩溶瓦斯小块段区域预测、梯级渐进式局部探测、近距离局部防治和安全防护措施的"四位一体"防治技术。现场应用表明,严格实施"四位一体"防治技术能够有效防止岩溶瓦斯事故。  相似文献