The “susceptibility factor” in the atmospheric response to periodic forcing     

William H. Campbell  Reid A. Bryson 《Journal of Earth System Science》1993,102(1):157-173

Evidence is presented of a periodic component in the inter-annual variability of precipitation and pressure data for India during June, the month of the onset of the Indian southwest monsoon. Two frequencies that explain a statistically significant percent of the variance in these data sets are the same as the two that explain most of the variance of the average monthly lunar tidal potential for June. Not only are the frequencies the same but they are also in phase which strongly suggests that lunar tides in the atmosphere do, in fact, produce an element of climatic variability. The amplitude of the atmospheric response to this periodic forcing was not constant in time but was found to be related to the long term change in northern hemispheric surface temperature. This susceptibility of the atmosphere to an external forcing results in a nonlinear relationship between forcing and response. As a result, nonlinear regression had to be used in order to adequately define the magnitude of the response at a given frequency. The ramifications of this nonlinear response are discussed. The nonlinear interaction of the northern hemisphere temperature and the 18.6 year lunar nodal cycle results in a modulation of the frequency which appears in a linear spectral analysis near 22 years. Thus, the 22-year cycle often found in meteorological data sets may instead be the result of the modulated nodal cycle.  相似文献   

月球地形测绘和月球大地测量(5)   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

陈俊勇 《测绘科学》2004,29(6):7-10

主要介绍月球地形测绘和月球大地测量的情况。第一部分论述了月球大地测量(Selenodesy)的定义和方法。月球大地测量的一个特点是它的观测数据绝大部分都要依靠航天探测器或环月、绕月卫星来获取。月球大地测量的内容可以考虑有三个方面:一是在月球上给出一个有确定定义的坐标参考系,并在其中布测一个控制网;二是确定这一月球参考系的大地测量几何和物理常数;三是求定月球的外部重力场。第二部分介绍月球地形测绘。重点介绍了月球地形的特点,它大体分为月海、月陆、环形山等三种类型。  相似文献   

Low energy trajectories for the Moon-to-Earth space flight     

V. V. Ivashkin 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(6):613-618

The Moon-to-Earth low energy trajectories of ‘detour’ type are found and studied within the frame of the Moon-Earth-Sun-particle system. These trajectories use a passive flight to the Earth from an initial elliptic selenocentric orbit with a high aposelenium. The Earth perturbation increases the particle selenocentric energy from a negative value first to zero and then to a positive one and therefore leads to a passive escape of the particle motion from the Moon attraction near the translunar libration pointL ₂. This results in the particle flight to a distance of about 1.5 million km from the Earth where the Sun gravitation decreases the particle orbit perigee distance to a small value that leads to the particle approaching the Earth vicinity in about 100 days of the flight. A set of the Moon-to-Earth ‘detour’ trajectories is defined numerically. Characteristics of these trajectories are presented. The ‘detour’ trajectories give essential economy of energy (about 150 m/s in Delta V) relative to the usual ones.  相似文献   

Nanophase Fe0 in lunar soils     

Abhijit Basu 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(3):375-380

Back scattered electron and transmission electron imaging of lunar soil grains reveal an abundance of submicrometer-sized pure Fe⁰ globules that occur in the rinds of many soil grains and in the submillimeter sized vesicular glass-cemented grains called agglutinates. Grain rinds are amorphous silicates that were deposited on grains exposed at the lunar surface from transient vapors produced by hypervelocity micrometeorite impacts. Fe⁰ may have dissociated from Fe-compounds in a high temperature (>3000°C) vapor phase and then condensed as globules on grain surfaces. The agglutinitic glass is a quenched product of silicate melts, also produced by micrometeorite impacts on lunar soils. Reduction by solar wind hydrogen in agglutinitic melts may have produced immiscible droplets that solidified as globules. The exact mechanism of formation of such Fe⁰ globules in lunar soils remains unresolved.  相似文献   

Luna-Glob project in the context of the past and present lunar exploration in Russia     

E. M. Galimov 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(6):801-806

The Russian Luna-Glob project has been conceived with a view to understand the origin of the Earth-Moon system. The objectives and main features of the Luna-Glob mission, which will mainly study the internal structure of the Moon by seismic instruments, are described in the context of the past and current program of lunar exploration in Russia.  相似文献   

An analysis of near-circular lunar mapping orbits     

R. V. Ramanan  V. Adimurthy 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(6):619-626

Numerical investigations have been carried out to analyse the evolution of lunar circular orbits and the influence of the higher order harmonics of the lunar gravity field. The aim is to select the appropriate near-circular orbit characteristics, which extend orbit life through passive orbit maintenance. The spherical harmonic terms that make major contributions to the orbital behaviour are identified through many case studies. It is found that for low circular orbits, the 7th and the 9th zonal harmonics have predominant effect in the case of orbits for which the evolution is stable and the life is longer, and also in the case of orbits for which the evolution is unstable and a crash takes place in a short duration. By analysing the contribution of the harmonic terms to the orbit behaviour, the appropriate near-circular orbit characteristics are identified.  相似文献   

The Opposition Effect and Negative Polarization of Structural Analogs for Planetary Regoliths     

Yu. ShkuratovA. Ovcharenko  E. ZubkoO. Miloslavskaya  K. MuinonenJ. Piironen  R. NelsonW. Smythe  V. RosenbushP. Helfenstein 《Icarus》2002,159(2):396-416

To better understand the negative polarization and brightness opposition effects observed on airless celestial bodies, we carried out simultaneous photometric and polarimetric measurements of laboratory samples that simulate the structure of planetary regoliths. Computer modeling of shadow-hiding and coherent backscatter in regolith-like media are also presented. The laboratory investigations were carried out with a photometer/polarimeter at phase angles covering 0.2°-4° and wavelengths of 0.63 and 0.45 μm. We studied samples that characterize a variety of microscopic structures and albedos. A particle-size dependence of the negative branch of polarization for powdered dielectric surfaces was found. Colored samples such as a powder Fe₂O₃ exhibit a very prominent wavelength dependence of the photometric and polarimetric opposition phenomena. Metallic powders usually exhibit a wide branch of the negative polarization independent of the size of particles. For fine dielectric powders, both opposition phenomena become more prominent when the samples were compressed. Our computer modeling based on ray tracing in particulate media shows that shadow-hiding affects the negative polarization only in combination with the coherent backscatter enhancement. Modeling reveals that scattering orders higher than second contribute to negative polarization even in dark particulate surfaces. Our model qualitatively reproduces the effects of varying sample-compression that we observed in the laboratory. Our experimental and computer modeling studies mutually confirm that the degree of polarization for highly reflective dielectric surfaces depends not only on phase angle but also on surface tilt. Even at exactly zero phase the degree of polarization for tilted surfaces can be nonzero. A tilt of the surface normal to the scattering plane gives a parallel shift of the negative polarization branch to large values of |P|. The tilt in the perpendicular plane gives the same shift in the direction of positive polarization. At exactly zero phase angle, a celestial body of irregular shape can exhibit nonzero polarization even in integral polarimetric observations.  相似文献   

A high speed photometer in the optical region for lunar occultation studies     

T. Chandrasekhar  N. M. Ashok  Sam Ragland 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1992,13(2):195-207

High speed photometry during the lunar occultation of a stellar system provides an effective means of achieving high angular resolution in one dimension at the sub arc second level which is well suited for resolving close binary projected separations in the range of 10–100 milliarc seconds. An optical fast photometer designed for such a purpose is described and some results from the initial observations taken with the system including the resolution of a projected separation of 55 milli arcsecond in one binary system are detailed.  相似文献   

CAS-1模拟月壤   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

郑永春  王世杰  冯俊明  欧阳自远  刘建忠  刘春茹 《矿物学报》2007,27(3):571-578

模拟月壤是与月球月壤具有相似的矿物组成、化学成分和物理力学性质的地球物质，是月球样品的地球化学复制品。长白山龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山喷发的四海火山渣具有与阿波罗14号采集的月球样品相似的化学和矿物组成，并含有20％～40％的玻璃物质。以四海火山渣为初始物质，研制成功CAS-1模拟月壤，并测量了CAS-1模拟月壤的主量和微量元素组成、矿物组成、密度、颗粒形态、粒度分布、抗剪性和复介电常数等参数。结果表明，CAS-1模拟月壤与Apollo 14号采集的月球样品具有相似的化学成分、矿物组成和物理力学性质，是一种理想的低钛玄武岩质模拟月壤。  相似文献   

Some Suggestions Improving Apollo Lunar Laser Retroreflector Arrays     

LIU Jiyu School of Geodesy  Geomatics  Wuhan University  Luoyu Road  Wuhan  China. 《地球空间信息科学学报》2007,10(1):1-3

According to our engineering research on satellite-borne laser retroreflector array, some suggestions are proposed on how to manufacture a new Apollo LLRA that can make us measure one illuminating point and unilluminating area on the moon's surface. These suggestions are: to control the dihedral angle offset within ± 0.1″; to use the larger aperture of the transparent face of cube corner prisms; to investigate how to separate out Apollo's reflected laser from mixed beam hitting on the LLR system.  相似文献