Deep Natural Gas Resources     

Dyman  T. S.  Wyman  R. E.  Kuuskraa  V. A.  Lewan  M. D.  Cook  T. A. 《Natural Resources Research》2003,12(1):41-56

From a geological perspective, deep natural gas resources generally are defined as occurring in reservoirs below 15,000 feet, whereas ultradeep gas occurs below 25,000 feet. From an operational point of view, deep may be thought of in a relative sense based on the geologic and engineering knowledge of gas (and oil) resources in a particular area. Deep gas occurs in either conventionally trapped or unconventional (continuous-type) basin-center accumulations that are essentially large single fields having spatial dimensions often exceeding those of conventional fields.Exploration for deep conventional and continuous-type basin-center natural gas resources deserves special attention because these resources are widespread and occur in diverse geologic environments. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that 939 TCF of technically recoverable natural gas remained to be discovered or was part of reserve appreciation from known fields in the onshore areas and state waters of the United States. Of this USGS resource, nearly 114 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable gas remains to be discovered from deep sedimentary basins. Worldwide estimates of deep gas also are high. The U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000 Project recently estimated a world undiscovered conventional gas resource outside the U.S. of 844 Tcf below 4.5 km (about 15,000 feet).Less is known about the origins of deep gas than about the origins of gas at shallower depths because fewer wells have been drilled into the deeper portions of many basins. Some of the many factors contributing to the origin and accumulation of deep gas include the initial concentration of organic matter, the thermal stability of methane, the role of minerals, water, and nonhydrocarbon gases in natural gas generation, porosity loss with increasing depth and thermal maturity, the kinetics of deep gas generation, thermal cracking of oil to gas, and source rock potential based on thermal maturity and kerogen type. Recent experimental simulations using laboratory pyrolysis methods have provided much information on the origins of deep gas.Technologic problems are among the greatest challenges to deep drilling. Problems associated with overcoming hostile drilling environments (e.g. high temperatures and pressures, and acid gases such as CO₂ and H₂S) for successful well completion, present the greatest obstacles to drilling, evaluating, and developing deep gas fields. Even though the overall success ratio for deep wells (producing below 15,000 feet) is about 25%, a lack of geological and geophysical information continues to be a major barrier to deep gas exploration.Results of recent finding-cost studies by depth interval for the onshore U.S. indicate that, on average, deep wells cost nearly 10 times more to drill than shallow wells, but well costs and gas recoveries differ widely among different gas plays in different basins.Based on an analysis of natural gas assessments, deep gas holds significant promise for future exploration and development. Both basin-center and conventional gas plays could contain significant deep undiscovered technically recoverable gas resources.  相似文献   

WebGIS应用现状及发展趋势   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

刘吉夫  陈顒  陈棋福  黄静 《地震》2003,23(4):10-20

WebGIS系统出现至今,我国在理论和应用等方面做了许多探索．但限于条件．目前仍处于试验阶段,至今尚无真正意义上的WebGIS应用实例。为了促进WebGIS的应用进程,有必要对这些年研究和探索的成果作一个总结。在大量浏览近几年登载在国内各类媒体上的有关学术论、研究报告、学位论以及应用实例的基础上．概括了WebGIS的主要特点．总结了WebGIS的关键问题和实现技术,并着重介绍了目前WebGIS在农业、林业、气象、水利、地震、海洋、国土资源、环境保护、铁路交通、电力、城市建设和规划等社会各个领域的应用现状．最后对WebGIS的发展趋势进行了探讨。研究结果表明．作为开放性的应用平台．WebGIS在我国的应用前景非常广阔。  相似文献   

油田盐膏层钻井技术     

王建华 《探矿工程》2005,32(4):47-49

分析了巨厚盐膏层在复杂的压力系统及高温高压下发生塑性蠕动、井径缩小，易发生埋钻、卡钻、下套管困难等严重复杂情况；探讨了盐膏层钻井有关承压堵漏、钻盐膏层的钻井液、钻盐膏层随钻扩孔、盐膏层井径稳态蠕变率测定工艺等问题。  相似文献   

IMU/DGPS supported photogrammetry in China     

李英成  LI Xue-you  ZHAO Ji-cheng  GONG Xun-ping  TANG Liang 《测绘科学》2004,29(Z1):42-46

<正>People'sRepublicofChinaisoneofthemostrapidlydevelopingcountriesintheworldtoday.Thereisagreatdemandonhighlyactualandaccuratespatialinformationofthewholecountry,especiallyofWestChinawhichbecomesthefocusofdevelopmentoftheChinesegovernmentrightnowandinthenextyears,butwherestillnotenoughtopographicmapsareavailable.ThisraisesgreatchallengestothesurveyingandmappingcommunityinChina.FacingthenewchallengestheChineseAcademyofSurveyingandMapping(CASM)starteditspioneerworkearly2002toexplorenewtechniquesandtechnologiesavailabletodaytowardincreasingthemapproductivity.WithimportofaCCNS/AEROcontrolsysteminNovember2002,thefirstDGPS/IMU-basedphotogrammetricprojectinChinawassuccessfullyaccomplishedjointlybyCASM,theGermany-basedcompaniesIGIandTechedge.Twophotogrammetricblocksof1:4,000and1:20,000photoscales,respectively,wereflowninAnyang,China.Directgeoreferencingandintegratedsensororientationwereconducted.Resultsachievedwereprovenbyusinggroundcheckpointsandcomparedwiththoseofaerialtriangulation.Orthophotosgeneratedbasedondir  相似文献   

现代地图科学与地理信息工程科学技术的成就和任务   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8  

王家耀 《测绘学院学报》2004,21(4):235-240

回顾了地图科学与地理信息工程科学技术的发展进程．总结了地图科学与地理信息工程科学技术的主要成就，分析了它给予经济建设、国防建设、社会发展和人类文明进步的贡献。剖析了地图科学与地理信息工程科学技术面临的挑战；探讨了地图科学与地理信息工程科学技术的任务。  相似文献   

浅谈地震科技档案的管理与应用     

关英梅  钱军 《东北地震研究》2004,20(2):76-78

以从事地震科技档案工作的实践为基础，提出了加强地震科技档案管理的一些建议。  相似文献   

应用ADO技术设计开发基于地震前兆数据库查询系统     

周浩 《东北地震研究》2004,20(3):54-64

本文探讨了如何利用ADO技术建立基于SQL Server6．5地震前兆远程数据库查询管理的几个主要技术环节的设计开发，并给出相应的程序实现。  相似文献   

人工湿地污水处理技术及其在东平湖水质净化中的运用   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

于少鹏  孙广友  窦素珍 《湿地科学》2004,2(3):228-233

人工湿地具有独特的净污机理和功能，日益受到全球的重视。通过综合国内外研究现状，分析了人工湿地污水处理技术的发展现状和趋势，认为人工湿地在我国具有广阔发展前景，尤其在重大调水工程及湖泊、河流水体污染防治等方面的应用。同时，探讨了如何利用人工湿地来解决南水北调东线工程关键枢纽——东平湖的水质问题，对东平湖人工湿地的建设地点、处理系统和净污植物类型进行了初步研究，提出了运用过程中需要注意的问题。  相似文献   

甘孜南部核桃栽培技术     

陈学华 《山地学报》2004,(Z1)

以自然条件恶劣的四川省甘孜州得荣县为典型研究区。根据当地干旱少雨、土壤贫瘠、土层浅薄,但阳光充足、适合核桃种植的自然环境特点和核桃发展的落后现状,从苗圃建设、引种及良种培育、栽培技术、管理水平等方面,探索出一套适合当地的、较为完善的栽培技术,为当地大量栽培核桃,提高当地的核桃发展水平,振兴民族地区经济提供了科学支撑。  相似文献   

基于MapObjects控件的中国矿情地理信息系统及应用--以铜矿地质分布为例     

樊风雷  王云鹏 《热带地理》2004,24(2):155-159

从研究地理信息系统开发模式和普及应用方面存在的问题入手，分析了开发地理信息系统的几种成功模式，在此基础上利用Map Objects控件和VB高级编程语言开发了中国矿情地理信息系统。该系统不仅实现了图像叠加、空间分析、地图打印等基本的GIS功能，而且还实现了矿产资源的评价分析功能。这些功能的实现旨在为研究中国的矿产资源提供必要的分析和评价手段，同时在中国铜矿的地质分布、成矿条件、成矿机理、时空分布等方面的实践研究中取得了良好的效果。  相似文献