Hyporheic exchange flows induced by constructed riffles and steps in lowland streams in southern Ontario,Canada     

Tamao Kasahara  Alan R. Hill 《水文研究》2006,20(20):4287-4305

Stream–subsurface water interaction induced by natural riffles and constructed riffles/steps was examined in lowland streams in southern Ontario, Canada. The penetration of stream water into the subsurface was analysed using hydrometric data, and the zone of > 10% stream water was calculated from a chemical mixing equation using tracer injection of bromide and background chloride concentrations. The constructed riffles studied induced more extensive hyporheic exchange than the natural riffles because of their steeper longitudinal hydraulic head gradients and coarser streambed sediments. The depth of > 10% stream water zone in a small and a large constructed riffle extended to > 0·2 m and > 1·4 m depths respectively. Flux and residence time distribution of hyporheic exchange were simulated in constructed riffles using MODFLOW, a finite‐difference groundwater flow model. Hyporheic flux and residence time distribution varied along the riffles, and the exchange occurring upstream from the riffle crest was small in flux and had a long residence time. In contrast, hyporheic exchange occurring downstream from the riffle crest had a relatively short residence time and accounted for 83% and 70% of total hyporheic exchange flow in a small and large riffle respectively. Although stream restoration projects have not considered the hyporheic zone, our data indicate that constructed riffles and steps can promote vertical hydrologic exchange and increase the groundwater–surface water linkage in degraded lowland streams. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of macrophyte communities in drought‐affected groundwater‐fed headwater streams     

C. G. Westwood  R. M. Teeuw  P. M. Wade  N. T. H. Holmes 《水文研究》2006,20(1):127-145

The results of a 10 year study of groundwater‐dominated streams in the chalklands of southern England show that macrophyte communities occupying the headwaters of such streams have a measurable variability in terms of species composition and spatial cover, especially in relation to river flow. This occurs as a result of species adaptation to typically ephemeral flow regimes. Associations have also been established between variations in the vegetation and hydroclimatic parameters at the catchment scale, such as rainfall, percolation and soil moisture conditions. This has led to the derivation of a system whereby the nature of headwater macrophyte communities can be forecast/hindcast, on the basis of parameterized, antecedent flow records, to a current accuracy level of 72% for any of 13 community types and 90% for any of four community groups. It is anticipated that this accuracy rate will improve with (i) an updated community classification, (ii) refinement of the parameterization procedures for flow records, and (iii) the extension of the method from the six study streams currently under scrutiny to a further 18 streams. Greater accuracy of prediction will be constrained by natural variation within the vegetation and the interaction of an array of geomorphological and land‐use variables operating at diverse spatial scales. The process used here to establish vegetation–flow relationships could be used in other locations with groundwater‐fed streams, providing a useful tool for assessing some of the impacts of bioclimatic changes driven by global warming. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A statistical methodology for assessing the long‐term effects of antecedent drought conditions on stream runoff: applications to the Piedmont Province,southeastern United States     

Seth Rose 《水文研究》2011,25(6):901-914

A method was developed to investigate the long‐term (months‐to‐years) effects (both magnitude and duration) of antecedent rainfall upon subsequent runoff coefficients (RCs) or runoff/rainfall ratios. The method was applied to a four‐state region (Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) within the southeastern Piedmont Province of the United States and incorporated a 59‐year data set of 19 United States Geological Survey stream gages and 57 National Climatic Data Center rain gages. The method was designed to facilitate statistical comparisons [Mann–Whitney rank sum tests] between various groups of normalized runoff coefficients (NRCs) representing 6–36 month periods which differed in terms of antecedent rainfall conditions. The results of this study show that under all subsequent rainfall conditions, with the exception of excess rainfall, a 1‐year period of antecedent drought lowered NRCs for at least 1 year following the drought. The principal finding of this study is that a year‐long drought period within the southeastern Piedmont Province lowers NRCs by ～25% during the following year when rainfall returns to normal. In most cases, RCs are significantly lower during the second year following a drought than they would be when anteceded by normal rainfall; however, the effects of drought wane during this period. This is a statistical and regional method that can be modified to other study areas; however, it cannot be used to predict storm‐event rainfall–runoff relationships for any specific basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Stream depletion by a pumping well including the effects of nonlinear variation of captured evaporation from a phreatic aquifer / Vidange en cours d’eau par puits de pompage incluant les effets de la variation non-linéaire de l’évaporation capturée d’une nappe à surface libre     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3)

Abstract

Abstract A study was made to develop a model that can be used to predict the steady-state stream depletion rates caused by a continuous pumping well located in a water table aquifer. The effects of nonlinear variation of evaporation with the depth to water table on steady-state stream depletion rate were investigated using model results. Dimensional analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scaled steady-state stream depletion, the scaled pumping distance, the scaled hydraulic conductivity, and the scaled initial depth to the water table. A dimensionless graph was developed for a wide range of these parameters. Analysis of this graph showed that the steady-state stream depletion rate decreases as the pumping distance between the well and the stream increases. The dimensionless graph also showed that steady-state stream depletion rates strongly depended on the initial position of the water table. Analysis indicated that, as the saturated conductivity increased, the effect of the initial position of the water table on the magnitude of stream depletion rate was more influential. Analysis also showed that, as the value of saturated conductivity decreased, the relative error produced by the assumption that at steady state all the pumped water is captured from the evaporation, also decreased.  相似文献   

Flood-duration-integrated stream power and frequency magnitude of >50-year-long sediment discharge out of a hyperarid watershed     

Judith Lekach  Yehouda Enzel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(7):1348-1362

Determining sediment discharge out of watersheds is a global, long-term challenge. In the vast, usually data-poor, hyperarid regions of the world, this is a greater challenge. Here, we present a unique, decades-long dataset of individual floods and their respective sediment discharge out of Nahal Yael, an experimental, well-instrumented, hyperarid (~25–30 mm year⁻¹) watershed in southern Israel. The high correlation between directly measured sediment yield by discrete individual floods and their respective total energy, represented by flood-integrated stream power (FISP), serves here as a rating curve. Using this rating curve, the 51-year-long series of FISP in Nahal Yael, calculated from the detailed individual flood hydrographs, was converted into a series of sediment yield by these floods. This, in turn, allows determining the long-term frequency-magnitude of sediment exported out of this hyperarid basin. This can assist in landscape evolution modeling, in testing impacts of flood frequency changes enforced by altered regional climatology, and hint at changes needed in forming the observed alluvial fans. We conclude that, at the decadal scale, moderate floods are the most effective in terms of total sediment transport. However, the recurrence intervals of these moderate hyperarid floods are longer than in temperate regions and reach 5–10 years.  相似文献   

A dynamic riparian forest structure model for predicting large wood inputs to meandering rivers     

John C. Stella  Li Kui  Gregory H. Golet  Frank Poulsen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(15):3175-3193

Fluvial processes strongly influence riparian forests through rapid and predictable shifts in dominant species, tree density and size that occur in the decades following large floods. Modelling riparian forest characteristics based on the age and evolution of floodplains is useful in predicting ecosystem functions that depend on the size and density of trees, including large wood delivered to river channels, forest biomass and habitat quality. We developed a dynamic model of riparian forest structure that predicts changes in tree size and density using floodplain age derived from air photos and historical maps. Using field data and a riparian forest chronosequence for the 160-km middle reach of the Sacramento River (California, USA), we fit Weibull diameter distributions with time-varying parameters to the empirical data. Species were stratified into early and late successional groups, each with time-varying functions of tree density and diameter distributions. From these, we modelled how the number and size of trees in a stand changed throughout forest succession, and evaluated the goodness-of-fit of model predictions. Model outputs for the early successional group, composed primarily of cottonwoods and willows, accounted for most of the stand basal area and large trees >10 cm DBH for the first 50 years. Post-pioneer species with slower growth had initially low densities that increased slowly from the time of floodplain creation. Within the first 100 years, early successional trees contributed the most large wood that could influence fluvial processes, carbon storage, and instream habitat. We applied the model to evaluate the potential large wood inputs to the middle Sacramento River under a range of historical bank migration rates. Going forward, this modelling approach can be used to predict how riparian forest structure and other ecosystem benefits such as carbon sequestration and habitat quality respond to different river management and restoration actions.  相似文献   

岩溶地下河水资源开发利用工程实践          下载免费PDF全文

谢常茂 《探矿工程》2009,36(5):50-55

开发利用地下水资源,对促进干旱缺水地区的社会经济发展具有重要的作用。长期以来,地下水开发利用多以钻井开采为主,通过堵截地下河成库的方式开发利用是一种全新的思维。通过对岩溶洼地成库条件和受淹及干枯机理的调查分析,提出了堵截地下河成库方案,并详细论述了堵截施工方法和工艺。  相似文献   

新疆戛勒赛地区地球化学特征及指示意义   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

毕明丽  路来君  宋茂德  袁平 《世界地质》2009,28(1):60-67

对戛勒赛地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量及原岩元素含量测试数据的统计分析, 共圈定综合异常9 处。异常主要分布于二长花岗岩与下元古界金水口群地层接触带及金水口群内, 矿体多产于二长花岗岩、二云石英片岩及透闪大理岩中。综合异常区内W、Sn元素间套和好, 且浓集中心一致, 浓度分带明显。区内具备寻找隐伏-半隐伏中高温热液金属矿产的条件, 是寻找钨锡矿产的较佳区域。  相似文献   

陕西早春一次罕见暴雨过程的环流演变及水汽输送分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

侯建忠  李明娟  赵兵科  许新田 《热带气象学报》2009,25(2):251-256

利用天气学、卫星云图和物理诊断方法,对2004年2月20日发生在陕西省的一次暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现：其环流演变是一次纬向型朝径向型环流快速调整的过程;暴雨区的主要水汽输送分别由700 hPa孟加拉湾的西南暖湿急流和低纬度热带低气压西侧的850 hPa的偏南气流提供,热带低压西侧的偏南急流直伸到陕西的位置决定了强降水的落区;云图分析显示暴雨期间在菲律宾附近有一个热带低气压云系存在并维持,与夏季出现大范围暴雨时的云图特征较为相似。结论表明对陕西春季的暴雨预报除考虑环流演变外,还应关注低纬地区的水汽和能量输送及热带低压云系活动状况。  相似文献   

2007年7月川东北连续3场大暴雨过程的诊断分析     

肖递祥  顾清源  祁生秀  黎家全 《湖北气象》2008,27(3):231-236

利用常规观测资料及NCEP 1°×1° 6h再分析资料,对2007年7月上旬四川东北部连续出现的3场大暴雨过程的环流形势及动力结构、水汽输送和热力不稳定条件进行了诊断分析。结果表明：（1）前2场区域性大暴雨出现在副热带高压和巴尔喀什湖冷涡两个长波系统稳定少动的阻塞环流形势下．第3场局地性大暴雨发生在环流调整过程中,副热带高压快速东撤导致对流云团在东移过程中迅速减弱消亡;（2）暴雨的水汽主要来自南海,低空偏南风急流的维持为连续暴雨提供了源源不断的水汽输送和持续的能量供应,3场暴雨的中心均出现在位于低空急流出口区左侧水汽辐合中心的巴中地区;（3）造成严重洪涝灾害的前2场区域性大暴雨过程期间,从地面到高层形成了“辐合-辐散-辐合-辐散”接力式上下大气运动的动力结构,大气层结处于高能和对流不稳定状态,且有冷空气触发,大暴雨发生在能量锋区偏向暖区一侧。  相似文献