Weakness and mechanical anisotropy of phyllosilicate-rich cataclasites developed after mylonites of a low-angle normal fault (Simplon Line,Western Alps)     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2016

The Simplon Fault Zone is a late-collisional low-angle normal fault (LANF) of the Western Alps. The hanging wall shows evidence of brittle deformation only, while the footwall is characterized by a c. 1 km-thick shear zone (the Simplon Fault Zone), which continuously evolved, during exhumation and cooling, from amphibolite facies conditions to brittle-cataclastic deformations. Due to progressive localization of the active section of the shear zone, the thermal-rheological evolution of the footwall resulted in a layered structure, with higher temperature mylonites preserved at the periphery of the shear zone, and cataclasites occurring at the core (indicated as the Simplon Line). In order to investigate the weakness of the Simplon Line, we studied the evolution of brittle/cataclastic fault rocks, from nucleation to the most mature ones. Cataclasites are superposed on greenschist facies mylonites, and their nucleation can be studied at the periphery of the brittle fault zone. This is characterized by fractures, micro-faults and foliated ultracataclasite seams that develop along the mylonitic SCC′ fabric, exploiting the weak phases mainly represented by muscovite and chlorite. Approaching the fault core, both the thickness and frequency of cataclasite horizons increase, and, as their thickness increases, they become less and less foliated. The fault core itself is represented by a thicker non-foliated cataclasite horizon. No Andersonian faults or fractures can be found in the footwall damage zone and core zone, whilst they are present in the hanging wall and in the footwall further from the fault. Applying a stress model based on slip tendency, we have been able to calculate that the friction coefficient of the Simplon Line cataclasites was <0.25, hence this fault zone is absolutely weak. In contrast with other fault zones, the weakening effect of fluids was of secondary importance, since they accessed the fault zone only after an interconnected fracture network developed exploiting the cataclasite network.  相似文献   

DEM simulations of methane hydrate exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2016

Methane hydrate (MH, also called fiery ice) exists in forms of pore filling, cementing and load-bearing skeleton in the methane hydrate bearing sediment (MHBS) and affects its mechanical behavior greatly. To study the changes of macro-scale and micro-scale mechanical behaviors of MHBS during exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods, a novel 2D thermo-hydro-mechanical bonded contact model was proposed and implemented into a platform of distinct element method (DEM), PFC2D. MHBS samples were first biaxially compressed to different deviator stress levels to model different in-situ stress conditions. With the deviator stress maintained at constant, the temperature was then raised to simulate the thermal recovery process or the pore water pressure (i.e. confining pressure for MH bond) was decreased to simulate the depressurization process. DEM simulation results showed that: during exploitation, the axial strain increased with the increase of temperature (in the thermal recovery method) or decrease of pore water pressure (in the depressurization method); sample collapsed during MH dissociation if the deviator stress applied was larger than the compression strength of a pure host sand sample; sample experienced volume contraction but its void ratio was slightly larger than the pure host sand sample at the same axial strain throughout the test. By comparison with the laboratory test results, the new model was validated to be capable of reproducing the exploitation process by thermal recovery and depressurization methods. In addition, some micro-scale parameters, such as contact distribution, bond distribution, and averaged pure rotation rate, were also analyzed to investigate their relationships with the macroscopic responses.  相似文献   

Modelling long-term HFC emissions from India's residential air-conditioning sector: exploring implications of alternative refrigerants,best practices,and a sustainable lifestyle within an integrated assessment modelling framework     

Vaibhav Chaturvedi  Mohit Sharma 《Climate Policy》2016,16(7):877-893

India's growing role in the global climate debate makes it imperative to analyse emission reduction policies and strategies across a range of GHGs, especially for under-researched non-CO₂ gases. Hydrofluorocarbons' (HFCs) usage in cooling equipment and subsequent emissions are expected to increase dramatically in India with the phase-out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as coolants in air-conditioning equipment. We focus on the residential air-conditioning sector in India and analyse a suite of HFC and alternative coolant gas scenarios for understanding the implications for GHG emissions from this sector within an integrated assessment modelling framework. We find that, if unabated, HFC410A emissions will contribute to 36% of the total global warming impact from the residential air-conditioner sector in India in 2050, irrespective of the future economic growth trajectory, and the remaining 64% is from energy to power residential air-conditioners. A move towards more efficient, low global warming potential (GWP) alternative refrigerants will significantly reduce the cumulative global warming footprint of this sector by 37% during the period 2010–2050, due to gains both from energy efficiency as well as low GWP alternatives. Best practices for reducing direct emissions are important, but only of limited utility, and if a sustainable lifestyle is adopted by consumers with lower floorspace, low GWP refrigerants, and higher building envelope efficiencies, cumulative emissions during 2010–2050 can be reduced by 46% compared to the Reference scenario.

Policy relevance

Our analysis has important implications for Indian climate policy. We highlight that the Indian government's amendment proposal to the Montreal Protocol is a strong signal to the Indian market that the transition away from high GWP refrigerants towards low/zero GWP alternatives will happen sooner or later. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency should extend building energy conservation code policy to residential buildings immediately, and the government should mandate it. Government authorities should set guidelines and mandate reporting of data related to air-conditioner coolant recharge frequency and recovery of scrapped air-conditioner units. For contentious issues like flammability where there is no consensus within the industry, the government needs to undertake an independent technical assessment that can provide unbiased and reliable information to the market.  相似文献   

狄洛尼三角网构建的目标点快速定位     

武鹏 《测绘科学》2016,41(1):154-157,88

针对在狄洛尼三角网构建中现有的目标点定位方法存在算法不够稳定、定位路径不惟一等问题,该文在重心方向定位算法的基础上研究建立一种沿搜索方向移动重心的快速定位方法:当发生目标点与当前重心连线经过三角形顶点或者与某三角形边重合等特殊情况时,利用三角形间的拓扑关系得到下一搜索三角形,以此三角形的重心代替前一重心与目标点构成新的搜索方向,继续搜索,从而解决切点问题;同时采用混合积判定公式确定两条线段的相交关系。仿真实验证明改进方法的定位路径惟一,而且可以大大提高构网效率,算法更稳健。  相似文献   

小浪底水库溯源冲刷效率评估试验          下载免费PDF全文

李涛  张俊华  夏军强  马怀宝  郜国明  王增辉 《水科学进展》2016,27(5):716-725

水库溯源冲刷试验是评估在水库速降水位过程中,结合工程控制条件、水沙条件、冲刷时机和初始水库蓄水条件等因素,研究支流拦门沙坎破坏程度对干流溯源冲刷的影响。采用按照水库高含沙模型相似律建立的小浪底水库实体模型开展了4个组次的水库降水库区发生溯源冲刷的试验,第1~4组次库容恢复率依次为11.6%、6.8%、12.2%和6.6%。拦门沙坎破坏越严重,水量越大,库区溯源冲刷量越大,库容恢复率大;侵蚀基准面越低,库区溯源冲刷量大,库容恢复率大;库区淤积量42.00亿m3时采用降低水位引起库区发生溯源冲刷优于库区淤积量32.00亿m3。对原有的陕西水利科学研究所与清华大学的逐日溯源冲刷公式在考虑支流促因的基础上进行了改进,说明支流蓄水量进入干流越多,引起支流口以下的干流河段冲刷量越大,其计算结果与实测值满足生产实践精度,可作为多沙河流水库调水调沙方案制定参考。  相似文献   

Comparative Analysis of International Energy Consumption Characteristics and China's Countermeasures     

Yang Zhanhong  Lü  Lianhong  Cao Bao  Wang Xiao  Luo Hong 《地球科学进展》2016,31(1):94-102

With the rise of low carbon economy and the deterioration of the international energy situation, most countries in the world pay more attention to energy issues. In this paper, based on a comparison with several countries of large energy consumption, we used long sequence statistics to analyze the energy consumption characteristics from the world and the history, including energy consumption, energy consumption structure and energy efficiency, and then summed up the characteristics of energy consumption in developed countries, analyzed China's energy consumption process and the current stage, and found out the main problems of energy consumption in China. At last, countermeasures for the healthy development of China's energy were proposed, including actively promoting scientific and technological progress, upgrading energy structure, developing low carbon economy, rationalizing energy prices, improving the proportion of clean energy consumption and emphasizing synergistic effect on environment protection.  相似文献   

Investigation of a longfin inshore squid's swimming characteristics and an underwater locomotion during acceleration     

《Applied Ocean Research》2016

In the present study, locomotion of a real longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) was numerically investigated. Geometry of a real squid was obtained using computed tomography (CT) images. In addition to a two-dimensional axisymmetric squid model, a modified squid model with no cavities around her head and an ellipse shaped model were generated with a fineness ratio (the ratio of body length to maximum body diameter) of 7.56. These numerical models were exposed to an acceleration with two different velocity programs. Added mass and basset forces on bodies were calculated during acceleration of the squid models starting from rest. Pressure and viscous drag forces were also calculated due to pressure variation along the squid models and friction on the surface of the models. The effect of a nozzle diameter on jet velocities and propulsive efficiency at all bodies were evaluated when time dependent velocity profiles (from 0 to 10 m/s in 0.5 and 1 s time durations) were set for the inlet of computational domain. The modified squid model required least thrust force during acceleration phase of time dependent velocity profile compared to the other models while the 0.02 m nozzle diameter provided largest propulsive efficiency for all models.  相似文献   

强雷暴天气的闪电和雷达回波特征个例分析     

张春燕  刘霞  高文俊  周宝琴  张国平 《热带气象学报》2021,37(3):419-426

利用粤港澳闪电定位系统、广州多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料, 分析了2017年6月2日发生在广州市中北部的一次强雷暴天气过程的地闪变化特征及闪电与雷达回波特征的关系。(1)本次强雷暴天气是华南一起典型的以西南急流和切变线为环流背景的强对流天气过程。在整个雷暴生命史中以负地闪为主, 占69.3%;正闪在雷暴发展的初始和结束阶段占比较大。(2)闪电频数分布与强雷达回波区域存在着较好的对应关系, 闪电活动位置稍有提前, 地闪频数峰值的时间比雷达回波峰值时间平均提前了11.1 min。(3)回波顶高是产生闪电的先决条件, 闪电较多分布在回波顶高9~15 km范围内, 地闪频数峰值落后于回波顶高峰值12~18 min。   相似文献   

冻土机械切削破碎机理的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李龙  周琴  张凯  凌雪  张在兴  李耀 《冰川冻土》2021,43(2):638-649

冻土开挖困难、破碎效率低是高寒地区工程建设、地基施工等面临的技术难题。冻土机械切削破碎是冻土开挖的主要方法,其机理研究是提高冻土破碎效率的前提和基础。首先总结了温度、含水率、围压等对冻土复杂力学特性的影响,进而调研分析了冻土机械切削破碎的典型切削力学模型,发现冻土切削机械破碎模式不仅与冻土力学特性密切相关,也与切削参数和刀具结构直接相关,冻土切削过程中存在着最优的切削前角（30°~60°）,且深切削和浅切削时冻土内部受力方式存在差异也会导致破坏形式的不同;温度、含水率、围压所造成的冻土力学性能变化会直接导致冻土破坏过程和切削破碎机理的改变,冻土强度随着温度降低表现出先升高然后保持稳定的特性,随着含水率升高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,冻土破碎存在脆性、塑脆过渡及塑性等不同破坏形式。通过系统总结冻土切削破碎机理研究进展,进一步明确了冻土力学性质主要影响因素、变化特点及其切削破坏损伤特征,为冻土机械切削破碎的切削参数和切削具结构优化提供了设计依据。  相似文献   

不同初始饱和度红砂岩冻融后物理力学性质研究          下载免费PDF全文

沈世伟  吴飞  甘霖  姜满 《探矿工程》2021,48(1):120-128

对不同初始饱和度红砂岩冻融循环前后进行物理及力学试验研究,探讨初始饱和度对红砂岩冻融损伤的影响。本文设定红砂岩试样初始饱和度为20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,冻融次数设定为20次,对冻融前后试样分别测定质量、纵波波速以及进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：1）冻融后不同初始饱和度红砂岩的物理性质发生变化,纵波波速降低、质量减小,但变化程度不同;2）随饱和度的增大,试样经冻融后峰值强度和弹性模量均呈降低趋势,但只有饱和度大于60%时,降低趋势较明显。本文研究为寒区隧道及地下工程建设以及岩土地质灾害监测与治理提供理论依据和试验基础。  相似文献