Long‐term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes     

Paul Bishop 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(3):329-365

Research in landscape evolution over millions to tens of millions of years slowed considerably in the mid‐20th century, when Davisian and other approaches to geomorphology were replaced by functional, morphometric and ultimately process‐based approaches. Hack's scheme of dynamic equilibrium in landscape evolution was perhaps the major theoretical contribution to long‐term landscape evolution between the 1950s and about 1990, but it essentially ‘looked back’ to Davis for its springboard to a viewpoint contrary to that of Davis, as did less widely known schemes, such as Crickmay's hypothesis of unequal activity. Since about 1990, the field of long‐term landscape evolution has blossomed again, stimulated by the plate tectonics revolution and its re‐forging of the link between tectonics and topography, and by the development of numerical models that explore the links between tectonic processes and surface processes. This numerical modelling of landscape evolution has been built around formulation of bedrock river processes and slope processes, and has mostly focused on high‐elevation passive continental margins and convergent zones; these models now routinely include flexural and denudational isostasy. Major breakthroughs in analytical and geochronological techniques have been of profound relevance to all of the above. Low‐temperature thermochronology, and in particular apatite fission track analysis and (U–Th)/He analysis in apatite, have enabled rates of rock uplift and denudational exhumation from relatively shallow crustal depths (up to about 4 km) to be determined directly from, in effect, rock hand specimens. In a few situations, (U–Th)/He analysis has been used to determine the antiquity of major, long‐wavelength topography. Cosmogenic isotope analysis has enabled the determination of the ‘ages’ of bedrock and sedimentary surfaces, and/or the rates of denudation of these surfaces. These latter advances represent in some ways a ‘holy grail’ in geomorphology in that they enable determination of ‘dates and rates’ of geomorphological processes directly from rock surfaces. The increasing availability of analytical techniques such as cosmogenic isotope analysis should mean that much larger data sets become possible and lead to more sophisticated analyses, such as probability density functions (PDFs) of cosmogenic ages and even of cosmogenic isotope concentrations (CICs). PDFs of isotope concentrations must be a function of catchment area geomorphology (including tectonics) and it is at least theoretically possible to infer aspects of source area geomorphology and geomorphological processes from PDFs of CICs in sediments (‘detrital CICs’). Thus it may be possible to use PDFs of detrital CICs in basin sediments as a tool to infer aspects of the sediments' source area geomorphology and tectonics, complementing the standard sedimentological textural and compositional approaches to such issues. One of the most stimulating of recent conceptual advances has followed the considerations of the relationships between tectonics, climate and surface processes and especially the recognition of the importance of denudational isostasy in driving rock uplift (i.e. in driving tectonics and crustal processes). Attention has been focused very directly on surface processes and on the ways in which they may ‘drive’ rock uplift and thus even influence sub‐surface crustal conditions, such as pressure and temperature. Consequently, the broader geoscience communities are looking to geomorphologists to provide more detailed information on rates and processes of bedrock channel incision, as well as on catchment responses to such bedrock channel processes. More sophisticated numerical models of processes in bedrock channels and on their flanking hillslopes are required. In current numerical models of long‐term evolution of hillslopes and interfluves, for example, the simple dependency on slope of both the fluvial and hillslope components of these models means that a Davisian‐type of landscape evolution characterized by slope lowering is inevitably ‘confirmed’ by the models. In numerical modelling, the next advances will require better parameterized algorithms for hillslope processes, and more sophisticated formulations of bedrock channel incision processes, incorporating, for example, the effects of sediment shielding of the bed. Such increasing sophistication must be matched by careful assessment and testing of model outputs using pre‐established criteria and tests. Confirmation by these more sophisticated Davisian‐type numerical models of slope lowering under conditions of tectonic stability (no active rock uplift), and of constant slope angle and steady‐state landscape under conditions of ongoing rock uplift, will indicate that the Davis and Hack models are not mutually exclusive. A Hack‐type model (or a variant of it, incorporating slope adjustment to rock strength rather than to regolith strength) will apply to active settings where there is sufficient stream power and/or sediment flux for channels to incise at the rate of rock uplift. Post‐orogenic settings of decreased (or zero) active rock uplift would be characterized by a Davisian scheme of declining slope angles and non‐steady‐state (or transient) landscapes. Such post‐orogenic landscapes deserve much more attention than they have received of late, not least because the intriguing questions they pose about the preservation of ancient landscapes were hinted at in passing in the 1960s and have recently re‐surfaced. As we begin to ask again some of the grand questions that lay at the heart of geomorphology in its earliest days, large‐scale geomorphology is on the threshold of another ‘golden’ era to match that of the first half of the 20th century, when cyclical approaches underpinned virtually all geomorphological work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

山东省飞机增雨天气系统云水资源转化特征分析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

龚佃利  边道相 《气象》2002,28(8):15-19

利用水汽辐合法和水汽凝结法，对山东省1997－1999年春秋季18个降水过程的水汽辐合率、凝结率及降水效率等表征云水资源及其转化的特征量进行计算。分析了南方气旋、西北冷锋等主要降水天气系统以上特征量的地域分布和差别。可为人工增雨作业区域选择和航线设计提供气候背景。  相似文献   

几种滤波器对地面飑线场的中尺度滤波试验   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

胡邦辉  张维恒 《气象科学》1996,16(2):165-172

本文用Ｂａｒｎｅｓ带通滤波法，二十五点格式滤波法，对含有地面幅合线和飑线的地面加密观测资料和客观分析资料进行了中尺度滤波试验，结果表明，三种滤波器的作用结果都胡有效突出地面辐合线和飑线的中尺度特征，其中Ｂａｒｎｅｓ法的性能和结果较理想，二十五点法和高阶高通法各有特点。  相似文献   

Robust估计的算法优化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

苏思光  戴嘉芸 《测绘学报》1996,25(2):151-155

本文分析了Ｒｏｂｕｓｔ估计收敛慢的原因，提出以最小二乘平差的残差（Ｖ）为初始信息，用Ｌ１估计的权函数所计算的权力初始权，根据迭代计算的残差的大小，及残差的变化所提供的信息，构造出加速收敛的算法，计算结果表明，较之一般的方法，迭代次数显著减少，辨识杠杆点含粗差的能力有较大提高，即搜索粗差的效率有很大提高。  相似文献   

强对流天气发生前期地面风场特征   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

翟国庆  俞樟孝 《大气科学》1992,16(5):522-529

根据对华东地区9次强对流天气的地面风场分析发现,强对流的发生发展与锋前暖区的中尺度辐合线有密切关系,与地面中尺度辐合线相伴的扰动辐合值为-0.8×10~(-4)·s~(-1)左右.当有移动的天气系统与其相遇时,交点附近扰动辐合值迅速增大,促使对流迅猛发展且移速加快.辐合线的形成与大尺度背景和特定地形有关.移动的中尺度辐合线与变压风有关而静正辐合线常与露点锋相伴.  相似文献   

On the stability of a coupled ocean atmosphere system in the presence of wave-CISK     

Sudha Selvarajan  B. N. Goswami 《Journal of Earth System Science》1992,101(2):153-176

The stability of a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere system similar to the one studied by Hirst with general ocean thermodynamics is investigated in which the atmospheric heating is determined by sea surface temperature anomalies as well as the convergence feedback (low level moisture convergence by the waves themselves). It is shown that the unstable coupled mode found by Hirst (UH mode) is profoundly modified by the convergence feedback. The feedback increases the unstable range of the UH mode and can increase its growth rate several folds. The maximally growing UH mode can become westward propagating for certain strength of convergence feedback. If the convergence feedback strength exceeds a critical value, several new unstable intraseasonal modes are also introduced. These modes are basically ‘advective’ modes. For relatively weak strengths of the convergence feedback the growth rates of these modes are smaller than that of the UH mode. As the atmosphere approaches ‘moist neutral’ state, the growth rates of these modes could become comparable or even larger than that of the UH mode. It is argued that these results explain why the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal is clear in the eastern Pacific but not so in the western Pacific and they may also explain some of the differences between individual ENSO events. Our results also explain the aperiodic behaviour of some coupled numerical models. Importance of this process in explaining the observed aperiodicity of the ENSO phenomenon is indicated.  相似文献   

吉林省一次强对流天气的中尺度分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

高锋  田雨斌  周宪明  杨志东 《气象》1995,21(10):43-46

作者对１９９３年８月１２日发生在吉林省境内的一次龙卷风天气进行了分析。结果表明：在出现龙卷风之前和形成初期，地面风场，高空环流形势，Ｑ↑→矢量散度，对流稳定度和能量场诸方面都有表现，可提供预报信息。  相似文献   

Bjerhammar球面单层密度时间变化的实用解算理论   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

申重阳 《大地测量与地球动力学》1999,19(2):9-16

研究了Ｂｊｅｒｈａｍｍａｒ球面单层密度时变实用解算理论和稳定算法。从利用重复大地测量数据联合确定Ｂｊｅｒｈａｍｍａｒ球面单层密度时变基本理论出发,推导了不同Ｂｊｅｒｈａｍｍａｒ球面上ｑ＊ｔ和δＷ＊ｔ之间的一般解式;分析研究了ｑ＊ｔ的迭代求解过程和收敛特性,得出其收敛稳定性很大程度上取决于Ｒ值的结论,同时给出了界限Ｒ的关系式;提出了解求ｑ＊ｔ的分步迭代算法,该算法从理论上解决了以前算法存在的收敛稳定问题（Ｒ较小时）,并指出：地表观测点ｑｔ的确定应遵循匹配处理准则,即各观测点数据应蕴含相同物理过程。最后给出了ｑ＊ｔ的精度评估公式。  相似文献   

地震信息融媒体公共服务研究     

崔满丰  翟颖  李卫东 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(3):609-617

地震信息传播已进入实时、全面、多维的公共服务时代，单一媒体地震信息服务已无法满足政府、社会公众和地震行业需求，地震信息向融媒体公共服务模式发展。本文对地震信息内容服务需求及特点、地震媒体平台功能特色、融合式媒体信息服务模式等进行分析，对地震信息融媒体公共服务进行研究，旨在提高地震信息服务效率与用户满意度，促进地震信息化建设科学、健康发展。  相似文献   

The tidal intrusion front: An estuarine convergence zone     

J.H. Simpson  R.A. Nunes 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,13(3):257-IN1

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