中心岛法实用设计计算方法研究     

顾问天  陈敏华 《岩土力学》2013,34(4):996-1000

在城市建设中越来越多的大面积深基坑采用中心岛顺作、周边预留土台逆作的开挖支护方式。该法不仅节约工程造价,而且节省大量工期,但目前仍缺乏简单、合理的设计计算方法。基于Rankine土压力理论,采用图解法得到中心岛被动土压力的分布模式,该土压力分布在单一土质条件下随埋深呈现为3段折线。根据上述土压力分布和基坑工程手册[1]有关悬臂结构的设计思路,提出中心岛法围护结构的设计计算方法,并提供一个算例。经算例验证该法简单实用,便于工程师使用。  相似文献   

Local‐ and regional‐scale biomorphodynamics due to tree uprooting in semi‐natural and managed montane forests of the Sudetes Mountains,Central Europe          下载免费PDF全文

Łukasz Pawlik  Piotr Migoń  Mariusz Szymanowski 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(9):1250-1265

In this work, direct and indirect geomorphic consequences of wind‐related tree uprooting are examined, using an extensive dataset from the mountain range of the Sudetes, Poland. The role of local conditions in influencing the geomorphic efficacy of tree uprooting is examined, as well as issues of upscaling individual observations from experimental sites. This problem is approached at a range of spatial and observational scales, from monitoring of root plate degradation over time through to examination of wind effects at a slope scale and region‐wide analysis. In our study area the mean root plate volume is between 0.4 and 4.2 m³ for spruce and 2.4 m³ for beech, and their degradation may last tens of years. The density of relict pit‐and‐mound microtopography varies from 2.7 up to 40 pairs per hectare and the maximum coverage of terrain is 4.7%. The volume of treethrow mounds varies from 0.5 to 3.1 m³ and mounds seem to outlive the pits formed in the same episode of disturbance. However, in specific lithological and topographic conditions, pit‐and‐mound topography does not form. The maximum biogenic transport attributable to a single windstorm event is c. 80 m³ ha^?1, while soil turnover times are calculated in the order of 1000–10 000 years. Rock fragment ‘mining’ is an important biogeomorphic process, both in terms of impact on hillslope surfaces and on soil properties. Gravel armours and small‐scale stepped topography may form instead of typical pit–mound associations in specific circumstances. Managed forests appear more prone to wind damage and associated geomorphic consequences. In the Sudetes Mountains, the variable role of tree uprooting in local and regional hillslope denudation is governed by forest stand structure, topography and regolith properties, with the former significantly influenced by human activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

南海北部陆坡东沙海域海底丘状体气体与水合物分布   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘斌 《海洋学报》2017,39(3):68-75

海底丘状体在天然气水合物发育区是一种常见的微地貌,对丘状体的研究有助于理解海底流体渗漏模式以及水合物的赋存规律。本文研究南海北部陆坡东沙海域天然气水合物发育区海底丘状体的特征及其与水合物的关系。研究所用的数据包括准三维多道地震数据、多波束数据以及浅地层剖面数据。在多波束海底地形图上,丘状体表现为局部的正地形,直径大约为300 m,高出周围海底约50 m。浅地层剖面上存在明显的声空白以及同相轴下拉现象,指示了海底丘状体气体的分布以及流体运移的路径。丘状体周围明显的BSR表明局部区域可能发育有水合物,水合物钻探结果也证实了这一推测。三维多道地震剖面上,丘状体正下方存在空白反射区域,这与泥火山的地震反射特征类似。但空白反射区域内存在强振幅能量,而且丘状体正下方存在连续的反射层,这表明该丘状体并非泥火山成因。综合钻探结果以及三维地震成像结果,认为水合物形成过程引起的沉积物膨胀以及海底碳酸盐岩的沉淀是形成该丘状体的主要原因。  相似文献   

Reservoir characterization of the Pennsylvanian Caddo Limestone in Stephens County,Texas: A case study of Komia-dominated algal mounds     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

The Caddo Limestone forms economic carbonate reservoirs in Stephens County, northern Texas. This study demonstrates that, in the Caddo Limestone of the Eliasville and Breckenridge fields, porosity and permeability are best developed in phylloid-algal wackestones and packstones, as well as Komia wackestones and packstones prevalent within the uppermost interval (i.e., Cycle A) of the formation in the study area. The main reservoirs formed in the upper and middle intervals of the Caddo algal mounds because of meteoric dissolution related to subaerial exposure (which created a large volume of secondary pores) and early cementation that prevented mechanical compaction. A great portion of the secondary pores remain open, providing the principal pore spaces of the reservoir interval. Vugs (including moldic voids) are abundant, and dissolution-enhanced intragranular pores are very common within widespread Komia. Intercrystalline pores are prevalent in dolomitized and neomorphised lithofacies where micrite was converted to microsparitic and sparitic calcite. Micropores are abundant in the matrix and within grains (especially Komia fragments). The lower or basal interval of Cycle A is commonly much less porous owing to the substantial loss of primary pores by physical compaction and lack (or rare presence) of secondary pores. Laterally, wells in the areas with thicker Cycle A (interpreted as algal mounds) have higher porosity and thicker net reservoir than those in intermound areas. This work provides a case study of carbonate reservoirs in which Komia wackestones and packstones are the major reservoir rocks.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系马五盐下沉积环境与海平面变化^*          下载免费PDF全文

席胜利  熊鹰  刘显阳  雷晶超  刘明洁  刘灵  刘耘  文汇博  谭秀成 《古地理学报》2017,19(5):773-790

鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系马家沟组赋存有丰富的天然气资源,前人研究多集中于顶部与风化壳相关的储集层。文中基于岩心、薄片及阴极发光分析,将鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系马五盐下碳酸盐岩-蒸发岩划分为10种岩石类型。根据各岩类的宏观、微观特征以及它们在纵横向上的组合与分布特点,利用岩石类型组合的方法,将研究区划分为局限-蒸发潟湖、台内滩、滩间海、微生物丘和台坪5种沉积环境。根据各亚段岩石类型发育的差异性及统计结果发现,研究区马五盐下具有蒸发岩与碳酸盐岩间互的旋回性沉积演化与海平面升降特征,每个亚段都代表一次海侵或海退的旋回沉积。其中,马五6、马五8和马五10亚段为海退期沉积,以纹层状云质膏岩、泥晶云岩构成的局限-蒸发潟湖沉积为主,蒸发岩矿物含量高,反映沉积环境相对闭塞、能量较低且盐度较高;马五7和马五9亚段为海进期沉积,以相对高能的台内滩或微生物丘沉积为主,并与相邻的局限-蒸发潟湖和台坪沉积构成较完整的向上变浅米级沉积旋回,表明该阶段水体循环相对更好,整体沉积环境开阔且能量较高。  相似文献   

浙江大榭史前制盐遗址人工土台的堆土特征及来源分析^*          下载免费PDF全文

栗文静  雷少  王张华  李月  岳伟  郑童童 《古地理学报》2018,20(6):1102-1112

位于浙江省宁波市大榭岛的大榭遗址,是迄今所发现的中国最早的史前海盐业遗址,与一般遗址沉积地层不同,其主体区系人工堆筑土台。本研究在遗址发掘过程中,采集了泥质和砂质2种类型堆土、废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物和盐灶坑表层白色硬化物,同时采集本岛自然堆积物,进行了粒度、无机元素地球化学和重矿物分析,以探讨堆土的原料构成、古人的制盐工艺及制盐活动对堆土地层产生的影响。研究结果显示: 来自盐灶遗迹附近的7个泥质堆土样品,其中5个具有陆相元素富集特征,但是后期受海水影响,另外2个显示滩涂盐泥特征;废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物元素组成与盐泥相似,盐灶坑表层白色硬化物具高Ca、Sr、Ba含量,推测是烧煮卤水产生的沉淀物。砂质堆土的粒度和重矿物组成显示其属于河流冲积物,且具强烈的化学风化特征,推测其原始地层不仅限于全新统。该研究显示了钱山漾文化时期古人利用岛屿上的潮上带、山麓黄土、河流冲积物等原材料在滩涂营建土台,并在土台上利用“淋卤煎炼”工艺从事制盐活动。  相似文献   

一个土墩日珥的D3线光谱分析Ⅱ-活动边缘和土墩日珥的物理特性     

李可军  顾啸马  李秋莎  李建勇 《天文研究与技术》2000,(1)

根据 1 984年 5月 5日土墩日珥D3线的拟合结果 ,本文分析了该土墩日珥的物理特性。结果发现 ,形成活动边缘的物质呈间歇性抛射 ,抛射物质的密度、温度在观测前期有显著变化 ,湍流速度异常之大 ,达 30km/s。土墩日珥的物理特性较一般 ,其D3线可用微观湍流 3～ 8km/s和低温 50 0 0～ 80 0 0K解释。  相似文献   

The Bronze Age occupation of the Black Sea coast of Georgia—New insights from settlement mounds of the Colchian plain     

Hannes Laermanns  Mikheil Elashvili  Giorgi Kirkitadze  Christopher P. Loveluck  Simon Matthias May  Daniel Kelterbaum  Revaz Papuashvili  Helmut Brückner 《Geoarchaeology》2024,39(3):335-350

Along the lower course of the Rioni and several minor rivers, more than 70 settlement mounds (local name: Dikhagudzuba) have been identified by field surveys and remote sensing techniques. They give evidence of a formerly densely populated landscape in the coastal lowlands on the Colchian plain (western Georgia) and have been dated to the Bronze Age. As yet, limited information is available on their internal architecture, the chronology of the different layers and their palaeoenvironmental context. Based on archaeological sources, remote sensing measurements of three mounds and sediment cores from one mound and its closer surroundings, our study presents a review of the relevant literature and reveals the internal structure, distribution and spatial extent of the mounds. Geochemical and sedimentological analyses of element contents (X-ray fluorescence) and granulometry helped to identify different stratigraphical layers and differentiate between natural facies and anthropogenic deposits; using the Structure-from-Motion technique the mounds' dimensions were calculated. The studied settlement mounds had relatively small dimension (varying from 30 to 100 m in diameter) and were similar in their stratigraphy. Measurement of elements that can identify types of human activity, notably metals and phosphorus, suggest changing intensities of human occupation, pastoral agriculture and metalworking through the occupation sequence. According to the ¹⁴C chronology, the formation of the settlements occurred during the first half of the second millennium B.C., which confirms the archaeological interpretation of their Bronze Age origin. The narrow age difference between the lowermost and uppermost anthropogenic layers indicates an intentional construction of the mounds, rather than a successive accumulation of construction debris due to the disintegration of loam bricks by weathering. Therefore, they are indeed mounds and not tells. It is most likely that the characteristic circular moats that surround them were the source of their construction material. Fluvial and alluvial processes in a warm and humid climate dominated the environment of the mounds.  相似文献   

内蒙古腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块和微晶丘的成因及构造环境指示意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙剑  朱祥坤 《地质学报》2015,89(10):1873-1883

内蒙古腮林忽洞群地层中发育含铁燧石团块和微晶丘。本文报道了它们的地质特征及铁同位素、稀土元素地球化学特征,并探讨了它们的成因及构造环境指示意义。燧石一般呈团块状、脉状发育于腮林忽洞群碳酸盐地层中。燧石中发育铁质丝状体,由非晶质的铁(氢)氧化物(赤铁矿和针铁矿)组成,具有丝状、网状形态特征,类似于现代海底热液Fe-Si产物。燧石的铁同位素组成δ56 Fe为-0.71‰~-0.25‰,与海底热液铁同位素组成(δ56Fe为-0.7‰~-0.1‰)一致。燧石的页岩(PAAS)标准化的稀土配分模式具有Eu正异常,La、Y正异常,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。这些特征表明含铁燧石为海底热液活动产物。腮林忽洞微晶丘成分主要为白云岩,铁同位素组成比该区域正常沉积碳酸盐岩要轻,与含铁燧石及海底热液的铁同位素组成相似;稀土配分模式与燧石一致,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。表明该微晶丘的形成可能与海底热液活动有关。腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块、微晶丘的发育以及前人报道的震积岩、滑塌岩的发育表明腮林忽洞群沉积过程中可能处于拉张的构造背景,海底热液活动活跃。由于腮林忽洞群的沉积时代很可能为中元古代,腮林忽洞群的海底热液活动有可能是整个华北地区中元古代(1.3~14Ga)拉张构造背景的一个响应。  相似文献   

陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组沉积相特征与沉积演化     

施立志  王卓卓  张永生  苏奎  邢恩袁  桂宝玲 《地质学报》2015,89(11):2122-2133

本文主要依据陕北盐盆地的镇钾1井等8口基干井,通过岩心观察、测井解释、镜下薄片鉴定,同时结合区域构造资料并参考前人研究成果,对陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组岩石类型、沉积相、沉积演化进行了研究。结果表明岩石类型以碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩为主,碎屑岩等其他沉积岩发育较少。主要发育碳酸盐岩台地相,可进一步划分出开阔台地和局限蒸发台地两种亚相,开阔台地可识别出灰泥丘微相;局限蒸发台地可识别出云坪、盐湖、膏湖、淡化泻湖等微相。沉积演化表明,马一期-马六期,陕北盐盆经历了三次海进-海退旋回,沉积演化为陕北盐盆及钾岩的形成创造了良好的成盐古地理环境,海进期,海水提供充足的成钾物质补给,海退期形成的继承性盐盆,四周隆起,又处在有利的低纬度干旱蒸发气候环境,十分有利于钾岩的形成。陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组五段六亚段沉积期,盆底总体表现为"两坳夹一隆"的构造样式,即自西向东依次为呈NNE向展布的西部盐坳、中部隆起和东部盐坳,"西部盐坳"可进一步分为3个次级盐凹,自北向南依次为"西一盐凹"、"西二盐凹"和"西三盐凹";"东部盐坳"可进一步分为2个次级盐凹,即北部的"东一盐凹"和南部的"东二盐凹",这5个盐凹的盐系地层厚度大于150m,是陕北盐盆最佳成钾盐凹,也是优先进行钾盐探井部署的有利目标区。  相似文献