A point hailfall classification based on hailpad measurements: The ANELFA scale     

J. Dessens  C. Berthet  J.L. Sanchez 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):132-139

The ANELFA scale for hailfall intensity is proposed on the model of the 6-class Fujita scale for tornadoes. It is based on more than three thousand point hailfalls measured by hailpads over a 16-year period in France. The class number of a hailfall is determined by the integer value of the largest measured hailstone diameter in cm, or by equivalence with current objects: A0 to A5 for pea, grape, pigeon's egg, walnut, hen's egg, orange. The class number is followed by a plus or minus sign if the ground is significantly more or less than half-covered by hailstones respectively. When the scale is applied to the ANELFA data, a log-normal distribution is found for the class distribution, allowing the frequency determination of the upper class ever observed until now at the hailpad stations.  相似文献   

基于索引图的大比例尺图幅自动接边方法研究     

赵相伟  孙翠羽  艾波  陶华学  王雅琴 《测绘信息与工程》2007,32(4):34-36

针对图幅接边中存在的问题和难点,提出了一套基于索引图多幅大比例尺地图自动接边的方法,采用了组件式编程方法,实现了简单化和自动化图幅接边的功能.  相似文献   

微小信号反馈式程控放大电路     

王德胜  倪焕明 《大地测量与地球动力学》2001,21(2):83-86

通常固定增益的放大器在兼顾大的动态范围和较高的小信号精度的情况下很难满足预期的要求。本文针对增益为 2 0～ 2 3倍的可编程阶码放大器 AD5 2 6集成片 ,摆脱传统的设计方法 ,提出一种反馈式程控放大电路。该电路能够在瞬时调整信号的放大增益 ,具有很高的精度和较大的动态范围 ,能够在模数转换前端处理中发挥重要作用。  相似文献   

大型矿山接替资源定位预测的途径及其研究意义   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

邵拥军  彭省临  吴淦国 《矿产与地质》2005,19(1):16-18,65

讨论了大型矿山接替资源定位预测研究的重要性,并从理论上、技术上、经济效益上以及实践上对其可行性进行了分析;阐述了隐伏矿体定位预测的指导思想、技术路线、方法和基本途径。  相似文献   

Natural rock joint roughness quantification through fractal techniques   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

P. H. S. W. Kulatilake  P. Balasingam  Jinyong Park  R. Morgan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(5):1181-1202

Accurate quantification of roughness is important in modeling hydro-mechanical behavior of rock joints. A highly refined variogram technique was used to investigate possible existence of anisotropy in natural rock joint roughness. Investigated natural rock joints showed randomly varying roughness anisotropy with the direction. A scale dependant fractal parameter, K _v, seems to play a prominent role than the fractal dimension, D _r1d, with respect to quantification of roughness of natural rock joints. Because the roughness varies randomly, it is impossible to predict the roughness variation of rock joint surfaces from measurements made in only two perpendicular directions on a particular sample. The parameter D _r1d × K _v seems to capture the overall roughness characteristics of natural rock joints well. The one-dimensional modified divider technique was extended to two dimensions to quantify the two-dimensional roughness of rock joints. The developed technique was validated by applying to a generated fractional Brownian surface with fractal dimension equal to 2.5. It was found that the calculated fractal parameters quantify the rock joint roughness well. A new technique is introduced to study the effect of scale on two-dimensional roughness variability and anisotropy. The roughness anisotropy and variability reduced with increasing scale.  相似文献   

Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor,a raised mire in South Yorkshire,UK     

J. Bromley  M. Robinson  J. A. Barker 《水文研究》2004,18(5):973-985

The hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely. Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation. This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Molecular Line Parameters for the “MASTER” (Millimeter Wave Acquisitions for Stratosphere/Troposphere Exchange Research) Database     

A.?PerrinEmail author  C.?Puzzarini  J.-M.?Colmont  C.?Verdes  G.?Wlodarczak  G.?Cazzoli  S.?Buehler  J.-M.?Flaud  J.?Demaison 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,51(2):161-205

In order to investigate the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region of the earth's atmosphere, ESA/ESTEC (European space agency) is considering the opportunity to develop the spaceborne limb sounding millimeter sensor “MASTER” (millimeter wave acquisitions for stratosphere/troposphere exchange research). This instrument is part of the “atmospheric composition explorer for chemistry and climate interactions” (ACECHEM) project. In addition, ESA/ESTEC is developing the “MARSCHALS” (millimeter-wave airborne receiver for spectroscopic characterization of atmospheric limb sounding) airborne instrument which will demonstrate the feasibility of MASTER. The present paper describes the line-by-line database which was generated in order to meet at best the needs of the MASTER (or MARSCHALS) instrument. The linelist involves line positions, line intensities, line broadening and line shift parameters in the 294–305, 316–325, 342–348, 497–506 and 624–626 GHz spectral microwindows. This database was first generated for the target molecules for MASTER (H₂O, O₃, N₂O, CO, O₂, HNO₃, HCl, ClO, CH₃Cl, BrO). In addition, ten additional molecules (SO₂, NO₂, OCS, H₂CO, HOCl, HCN, H₂O₂, COF₂, HO₂ and HOBr) had also to be considered in the database as “possible interfering species” for the retrieval of the target molecules of MASTER. The line parameters were derived, depending on their estimated accuracy, (i) from a combination of spectral parameters included in the JPL and HITRAN catalogs (ii) from data taken into the literature or (iii) using data obtained through experimental measurements (and/or) calculations performed during the present study.  相似文献   

古气候记录的时间标尺及相位关系计算——以塔吉克斯坦Chashmanigar黄土剖面为例   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

余志伟  丁仲礼 《第四纪研究》2001,21(2):123-133

轨道调谐法是确定第四纪地层时间标尺的主要手段,但人工进行轨道调谐确定时间标尺具有可操作性差、客观性差、工作量大及很难得到最佳结果等缺陷,本文描述了利用计算机自动进行轨道调谐以厘定古气候记录时间标尺的方法步骤.对于不同的气候替代性指标时间序列之间在主要周期频率上的相位关系,作者提出了利用演化凝聚函数法进行计算的新方法.作为实例,利用上述方法对塔吉克斯坦Chashmanigar黄土记录进行了时间标尺和相位关系演化的计算.  相似文献   

湖南深部构造活化及其浅部响应   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

梁新权  郭定良 《地质科学》2002,37(3):332-342

湖南深部构造的古老性由其在古元古代的表象所证实,而长期性则由其所分割的岩石圈块体在漫长时期内的活化改造特征所体现。本研究表明,大型的深部构造是构造、岩浆活动和矿产的集中带,沿走向的区域构造、岩浆及成矿历史是深部构造在浅部的响应。深部构造作为多次能量释放带,其交汇处有利于大型或超大型矿物资源的形成和聚集,因而对找矿预测有巨大潜力。  相似文献   

不同下垫面上近地层湍流的多尺度属性研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

许丽人  李宗恺  张宏昇 《气象学报》2000,58(1):83-94

文中利用统计和多尺度分析方法分析了几种复杂下垫面情况下的风、温湍流脉动观测资料 ,结果表明 :下垫面结构的差异明显地影响湍流量 ,如 :戈壁地区的热力作用明显大于雪面和城郊面 ,表现在湍流时间尺度上也明显地大于雪面和城郊面。但复杂下垫面下的湍谱在惯性区仍满足“- 23”次律 ;多尺度方法研究湍流 ,可以更简捷地分析湍流的多尺度结构及其在湍流输送中的作用。由此可看出 ,多尺度方法是发展湍流统计理论的一种有效工具。  相似文献