Geochemical stream sediment survey in Winder Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shahid Naseem  Shamim Ahmed Sheikh  M. Qadeeruddin  Khaula Shirin 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2002,76(1)

A pilot scale geochemical survey of sediments from the Winder Stream (SW Pakistan) and its tributaries was carried out. The Winder Stream mainly receives sediment from the southern extensions of the Mor and Pab Ranges in the District of Lasbela (Balochistan). In these two mountain ranges, rocks from Jurassic to Cretaceous age are exposed. Rocks of the Ferozabad Group comprise of carbonates and siliciclastics of Lower–Middle Jurassic age and occupy the dominant part of the Mor Range. These strata host syngenetic and epigenetic Zn–Pb–Ba mineralizations of Stratiform Sediment-Hosted (SSH) and Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits.Quantitative estimates of mobile and immobile elements were made from active stream sediments of the Winder stream and its tributaries. The samples were analyzed for Ag, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, V, Mn, Fe and Ba using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The abundance of these elements is discussed in relation to local geological conditions such as bedrock, climate, weathering, mobility and pH of the dispersing waters. A number of Zn anomalies have been distinguished in the study area. Kharrari (Zn, 360 ppm), Sand (Zn, 340 ppm) and Draber (Zn, 210 ppm) are demarcated as new areas for Zn mineralization. The present study also indicates prospects of Ag, Cu and V in the rocks of the Mor Range.Relationships between various elements have been identified from scattergrams and reflect genetic associations. Whereby the positive correlation between Cu–Zn (0.55, n=18) and Cu–Pb (0.63) is related to possible sulphide mineralization.  相似文献   

Gold Mineralization and Occurrence of Sinter in the Hoshino Area, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan     

Ahmed Belhadi    Tetsuya Nakanishi  Koichiro Watanabe  Eiji Izawa 《Resource Geology》2002,52(4):371-380

Abstract. Several epithermal gold deposits occur in the Hoshino area, which is located in the western end of the late Cenozoic Hohi volcanic zone, north‐central Kyushu, Japan. The area is characterized by intermediate to felsic extrusive rocks of Pliocene age. In the Hoshino area, the shallow manifestation of the hydrothermal activity is exposed on the surface. Several outcrops of sinter are still preserved on the top of hydro thermally altered volcanic rocks, and high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins occur on the surface at lower levels. The hydrothermal alteration resulted into well‐developed alteration zones. The zonal alteration pattern, primarily of near‐neutral pH type, is characterized by the outer smectite zone of a lower temperature, and the inner mixed layer minerals zone of a higher temperature. Quartz vein‐related or fracture‐controlled alteration, is represented by the occurrence of interstratified illite/smectite and K‐feldspar, suggesting a potassium‐enriched alteration. The mineralization in the Hoshino area is recognized on the surface by the occurrence of gold‐bearing quartz veins distributed mainly in the mixed layer minerals zone. The fracture system related to the gold mineralization is mainly characterized by NW‐SE trend. The alteration pattern and the mineralogical composition of the veins suggest that the mineralizing fluids had near‐neutral pH and the mineralization is of low‐sulfidation‐type. Fluid inclusion data and textures observed in quartz veins indicate that gold precipitated during boiling. The chemical composition of quartz veins shows that high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins are characterized by higher content of Al₂O₃, K₂O and Rb. Several outcrops of silica‐sinters are distributed on the top of the mixed layer minerals zone. Although their structures are not very well preserved, because of later silicification, the Hoshino sinters still show characteristic textures identical to those observed in modern sinters, such as the presence of plant fossil incorporated into the sinters, the strongly developed depositional laminations and the columnar structures perpendicular to the depositional surfaces. Quartz is the only silica mineral constituting the Hoshino sinters presently. The conversion of amorphous silica into quartz was probably governed by higher temperatures resulting from later hydrothermal activity. This later hydrothermal activity is reflected by the intense silicification affecting mainly the lower parts of the sinters and also by the presence of quartz veins cutting the sinters. The distribution of sinters in the Hoshino area is very significant. The presence beneath the sinters of concealed high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins should be highly considered and exploration work is strongly suggested.  相似文献   

Timing of Fracture Formation and Duration of Mineralization at the Hishikari Deposit, Southern Kyushu, Japan     

Ryota Sekine    Eiji Izawa  Koichiro Watanabe 《Resource Geology》2002,52(4):395-404

Abstract. The Hishikari epithermal gold deposit consists of the Honko-Sanjin zone and Yamada zone. On the basis of observed crosscutting relationships of veins, vein system in the Hishikari deposit was classified into the early and late veins. They differ from orientation, width, control by unconformity, the amount of displacement and structural features, but have similarity in gold grade and Au/Ag ratios. K-Ar ages are presented for the classified veins to clarify timing of fracturing and duration of mineralization.
Age determination revealed that the early veins in the Honko-Sanjin zone range from 0.86 to 1.11 Ma and that the late veins range from 0.73 to 0. 84 Ma. The economically most important mineralization in the Hishikari deposit occurred around 0.90 Ma in a very short period (about 0.05 million years).
The distribution of mineralization age in the whole Hishikari deposit, occurrences of slickensides and ground water temperatures imply that mineralization lasted longer in the southern part of the deposit. As compared the early veins with late veins, structural changes including width, strike, dip and vein characteristics occurred at around 0.85 Ma.  相似文献   

Solar–terrestrial effects possibly stronger in biblical times     

G. L. Siscoe  K. D. Siebert 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2002,64(18)

Paleomagnetic studies have shown that, moving backwards in time, the geomagnetic dipole moment increased to a peak nearly 50% greater than at present ca. 2500 years ago. Attempts to model how changes in dipole moment affect solar–terrestrial relations have hitherto invoked a scaling relation for the size of the magnetosphere based on finding where the magnetic pressure of the dipole field balances the ram pressure of the solar wind. This approach predicts that, following a solar storm, the strength of the terrestrial response represented by the electrical potential across the auroral zones in the ionosphere should vary as the 1/3 power of dipole moment. Such a weak dependence suggests that a 50% increase in dipole moment would minimally effect (14%) terrestrial manifestations of solar storms. Recent work, however, based on a feedback mechanism involving electrical currents coupling the magnetosphere and ionosphere has identified a stronger 4/3, power scaling relation applicable to storm conditions. Here we use a global MHD simulation to calculate for a 50% increased dipole moment the correspondingly increased auroral-zone potential and its extension to low latitudes.  相似文献   

固体介质中弹性波传播机制的细胞自动机有限深势阱模型     

赵雪平  杨宝俊 《地球物理学进展》2002,17(3):390-398

分析了采用细胞自动机研究波动问题的建模方法，针对一维、均匀、各向同性固体介质中弹性纵波的微观机制，借用一经典弹簧振子模型、细胞自动机格子气模型，以及量子力学中的无限深势阱模型，建立了一个细胞自动机有限深势阱模型，从量子力学角度出发，基于介观物理和纳米概念，以微观精子的德布罗意假设为基础，利用薛定谔方程，讨论了该模型中粒子（分子组）的振动速度与粒子物质波波速之间的联系，给出了模型中的波动方程，得出ζ＝Vp（ζ为粒子振动速度，Vp为物质波纵波波速）。同时还讨论了模型中粒子的大小和能量传递问题，引入引力场，得出了能量及引力势的量子化条件，另外，对声波速度、格子气粒子振动速度和本文模型中分子组振动速度进行了比较；还对本文模型中的粒子能量分布作了分析。  相似文献   

山东海阳断裂东石兰沟段晚更新世以来地表断错特征与最大潜在地震估计   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

周本刚  冉勇康  环文林  冉洪流 《地震地质》2002,24(2):159-166

海阳断裂是胶东半岛NE向牟平 -即墨断裂带东部一条规模较大的断裂 ,尽管晚更新世以来该断裂的地表断错活动总体上已基本停息 ,但东石兰沟段在晚更新世晚期以来仍有断错地表的活动。最后一次断错地表的活动发生在距今 3 7～ 1 2万年 ,但接近 1 2万年。地表破裂长度约6 5km ,活动段长度 8km。地表断错以走滑活动为主 ,可见最大倾滑位移 0 2m ;根据断层擦痕侧伏角推测最大水平位移 1 13m。最后一次断错地表的活动若以距今 1 2万年计算 ,则最大平均倾滑速率为 0 0 17mm/a ;最大平均右旋走滑速率为 0 0 94mm/a。野外观测到该活动段的断错活动表现为突发断错 ,根据地震地表破裂参数、活动段长度与地震的关系 ,估计其最大潜在地震为 6 级  相似文献   

贡嘎山东坡亚高山森林区蒸散力的估算   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

周杨明  程根伟  杨清伟 《山地学报》2002,20(2):135-140

以海螺沟 30 0 0m气象站的观测资料为基础 ,运用Penman公式法　空气饱和差法和桑斯维特公式法 ,计算了贡嘎山东坡亚高山林林的年平均蒸散力 ,其结果为分别为 431 81mm、171 4mm和 44 6 4mm。通过分析蒸散力的影响因素 ,对这三种计算蒸散力的方法作了比较 ,对计算结果存在的差异作了比较合理的解释 ,认为用Penman公式法可以估计出本研究区的蒸散力。同时 ,对蒸散力及其影响因自进行了相关分析 ,指出湿度和风不是速制约研究区蒸散力的主导因子 ,并分析了蒸散力与水面蒸发的关系 ,由此推导出估算蒸散力的简便方程 :PE =6 6 77 0 6 91E60 1 0 75 1ITm 0 0 396Pm。  相似文献   

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces     

Qiu Xinfa Ph.D  Zeng Yan  Liu Changming 《地理学报(英文版)》2002,12(4):479-484

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.  相似文献   

Present land use and cover patterns and their development potential in North Ningxia     

WU Weicheng  ZHANG Wenfeng 《地理学报》2003,13(1):54-62

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental data of the territorial resource, understand the impacts of human activities on the land use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation, an intensive land cover classification with an accuracy of 93% has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sensing technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed of texture training, maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation. This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological data for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial determinants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmental relationships. A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exploitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable land use planning.  相似文献   

云南兰坪北部铜多金属矿化区成矿流体流动与矿化分带——流体包裹体和稳定同位素依据   总被引：13，自引：7，他引：13       下载免费PDF全文

徐启东  李建威 《矿床地质》2003,22(4):365-376

滇西兰坪盆地北部发育了一类受逆冲推覆构造控制的浅成热液Cu—Ag—Pb-Zn矿化，形成了白秧坪、富隆厂、吴底厂、麻栗坪及金满、科登涧等大-中型矿床和矿点，并存在矿化分带。文章利用这些矿化脉体的流体包裹体和热液方解石的碳氧同位素组成资料，研究成矿流体与矿化分带的关系。结果表明，成矿流体主要属于NaCl-H2O成分体系，盐度ω(NaCleq)为2％～11％，形成温度为170～300℃，形成于1．8～3．8km深度内，这些相似性说明这类矿化的发生具有相似的流体性质和沉淀机制。热液方解石在δ^13C-δ^18O图解中呈近水平线展布的型式，指示流体源自地壳浅部的地下水系统，与海相灰岩等围岩作用形成了溶解碳以[HCO3^]-为主的成矿流体，流体与岩石的相互作用可能是成矿流体沉淀的主要机理。从西到东，流体包裹体的盐度-温度由高到低变化与矿化分带和逆冲推覆构造的根带→中带→锋带相配套，显示重力驱动流动可能是主要的流体流动机制。成矿流体在不同构造部位流动的通畅及流体．岩石系统的封闭-开放程度等流体流动性质与矿化发生的强度和规模有关，兰坪北部逆冲推覆构造中带的流体通畅地流动及沉淀时处于相对开放状态，有利于该区形成较大规模的浅成热液多金属矿化。  相似文献