Vulnerability and resilience: Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science?   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

B.L. Turner II   《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(4):570-576

Vulnerability and resilience constitute different but overlapping research themes embraced by sustainability science. As practiced within this science, the two research themes appear to coalesce around one of the foundational pivots of sustainability, the coupled human–environment system. They differ in regard to their attention to two other pivots, environmental services and the tradeoffs of these services with human outcomes. In this essay I briefly review the emergence of sustainability science and the three foundational pivots relevant to vulnerability and resilience. I outline the distinctions and similarities between the two research themes foremost as practiced within sustainability science and especially in regard to the attention given to the three pivots. I conclude with the observation that improvement in the capacity of vulnerability and resilience research to inform sustainability science may hinge on their linkages in addressing tradeoffs.  相似文献   

诱发地震与诱发性前兆     

毛可  郭大庆  张树勋  孙景芳  郭文娣 《高原地震》1995,(2)

本文以１９６９年以来中国大陆９对ＭＳ≥５．９级地震为例，引出诱发性前兆的概念。诱发性前兆是指远区强震（Ａ）发生后３个月内产生于未来后续地震（Ｂ）附近（△≤２００ｋｍ）的，并与该地震有某种成因联系的继发性异常和新异常。诱发地震与诱发性前兆是反映强震间耦合作用的同因异象。１９８８年以来南北带强震组（１９８８年耿马、澜沧７．６级地震──１９９０年天祝、景泰６．２级地震）诱发地震和诱发性前兆显著，并呈连锁式分布，表明该地震组各强震之间具有较强的耦合作用。  相似文献   

岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的集中参数型数学模型研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  

仵彦卿  张倬元 《工程地质学报》1994,2(1):9-14

本文在分析岩体的地质特征、参流特征的基础上,提出了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的集中参数型数学模型,给出了耦合集中参数型数学模型辨识的递推公式,讨论了该模型的应用前景。  相似文献   

Antarctic circumpolar modes in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model     

Simon J.?MarslandEmail author  Mojib?Latif  Stephanie?Legutke 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(4):323-331

Eastward-propagating patterns in anomalous potential temperature and salinity of the Southern Ocean are analyzed in the output of a 1000-year simulation of the global coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM ECHO-G. Such features can be associated with the so-called Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW). It is found that time–longitude diagrams that have traditionally been used to aid the visualization of the ACW are strongly influenced by the width of the bandpass time filtering. This is due to the masking of considerable low-frequency variability that occurs over a broad range of time scales. Frequency–wavenumber analysis of the ACW shows that the eastward-propagating waves do have preferred spectral peaks, but that both the period and wavenumber change erratically when comparing different centuries throughout the simulation. The variability of the ACW on a variety of time scales from interannual to centennial suggests that the waiting time for a sufficient observational record to determine the time scale of variability of the real world ACW (and the associated decadal time scale predictability of climate for southern landmasses) will be a very long one.Responsible Editor: Dirk Olbers  相似文献   

Trace element partitioning during high-P partial melting and melt-rock interaction; an example from northern Fiordland, New Zealand   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

F. C. Schröter  J. A. Stevenson  N. R. Daczko  G. L. Clarke  N. J. Pearson  K. A. Klepeis 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2004,22(5):443-457

Pods of granulite facies dioritic gneiss in the Pembroke Valley, Milford Sound, New Zealand, preserve peritectic garnet surrounded by trondhjemitic leucosome and vein networks, that are evidence of high‐P partial melting. Garnet‐bearing trondhjemitic veins extend into host gabbroic gneiss, where they are spatially linked with the recrystallization of comparatively low‐P two‐pyroxene‐hornblende granulite to fine‐grained high‐P garnet granulite assemblages in garnet reaction zones. New data acquired using a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA‐ICPMS) for minerals in various textural settings indicate differences in the partitioning of trace elements in the transition of the two rock types to garnet granulite, mostly due to the presence or absence of clinozoisite. Garnet in the garnet reaction zone (gabbroic gneiss) has a distinct trace element pattern, inherited from reactant gabbroic gneiss hornblende. Peritectic garnet in the dioritic gneiss and garnet in trondhjemitic veins from the Pembroke Granulite have trace element patterns inherited from the melt‐producing reaction in the dioritic gneiss. The distinct trace element patterns of garnet link the trondhjemitic veins geochemically to sites of partial melting in the dioritic gneiss.  相似文献   

Coupling of a Column System with ICP‐MS for the Characterisation of Colloid‐mediated Metal(loid) Transport in Porous Media     

George Metreveli  Eva‐Maria Kaulisch  Fritz H. Frimmel 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(4):337-345

In this work a coupling method for the characterisation of colloid‐mediated transport of the metal(loid) species in porous media was developed. For this transport experiments quartz sand was used as column packing material and the synthetic three‐layer clay mineral laponite as model colloid. The determination of colloids was conducted by means of UV detection. The quantification of the metal(loid) ions was carried out in two different ways: (1) The fractions collected at the column outlet were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) (offline measurements); (2) the column system was directly coupled with ICP‐MS (online measurements). In the column experiments the influence of laponite colloids on the transport of Cu, Pb, Zn, Pt and As species was investigated. In the offline experiments as a consequence of dilution during sample preparation no metal(loid) species at the column outlet could be found. Unlike this the breakthrough of all metal(loid)s could be detected under the same experimental column conditions in the coupling experiments. This coupling technique offers the online detection of the metal species and colloidal particles with high resolution even at low concentrations and without any time‐consuming preparation. The coupling experiments have shown that the laponite particles accelerate the transport of the cationic metals. For anionic metal(loid) species no influence of laponite on their transport behaviour was found.  相似文献   

Dynamic process analyses of saline intrusion with over-exploitation by coupled flow and dispersive modelling     

Fengshan Ma  Y. S. Yang  Z. Cai  M. Chen  R. Yuan 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(6):818-828

Understanding of saline intrusion into coastal aquifer is an important issue in management and protection of groundwater resource, which can be well achieved by groundwater modelling. To explain some phenomena of correlation between groundwater level and salinity in observation wells in coastal area, the authors compare the migration velocity of saline particles and transmission velocity of water pressure and derive analytical equations of these two velocities for plane and radial flows. The driving force and resistance of saline intrusion were analysed based on the analytical modelling. The destruction and reconstruction of the equilibrium between fresh water seepage towards sea and saline dispersion to inland were considered as an essence of whole intrusion process. The dynamic process of seepage and dispersion at different stages of saline intrusion were analysed under groundwater over-exploitation. The basic equations of saline intrusion were derived and the mechanism of transitional zone movement was discussed. These constitute coupled seepage–dispersion theory of saline intrusion, which becomes an important supplement to existing theory of saline intrusion. As a case study on saline intrusion in Guangrao County in Eastern China, this theory was applied to predict the development of saline intrusion in the study area.  相似文献   

A new laboratory set-up for measurements of electrical, hydraulic, and osmotic fluxes in clays   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Katja Heister  Pieter J. Kleingeld  Thomas J.S. Keijzer  J.P. Gustav Loch 《Engineering Geology》2005,77(3-4):295-303

If clays are subjected to flows of fluid, electrical charge, chemicals, or heat, in most cases, flows of different types occur simultaneously, even if only one driving force is acting. These are so-called coupled flows. Examples of coupling phenomena are streaming potential and electroosmosis, induced by the flows of fluid and electrical charge, respectively.

Since the 1960s, laboratory devices have been constructed to measure streaming potentials and/or electroosmosis in clays or clayey soils. Due to their mechanical and hydraulic properties, clays are not easy to work with. Consequently, laboratory devices have to deal with various complications. A new design for an experimental set-up is proposed. Contrary to earlier devices, the clay sample is mounted in a flexible wall permeameter, which avoids sidewall leakage caused by the possible swell or shrink of the clay. Gold-coated gauze electrodes completely cover the surfaces of the sample, which are in contact with the solution reservoirs that ensure one-dimensional flow. In addition, the thickness of the sample is monitored during the experiment. The chemical composition of the reservoir fluids is controlled during the experiment. The device is flexible with respect to changing the solutions of both reservoirs independently, applying different hydraulic gradients, and measuring or applying electrical potentials. Finally, it is possible to mount undisturbed clay samples in the set-up, keeping them in situ during the whole experiment.

With this set-up, an extensive program of measurements of coupling phenomena like streaming potentials, electroosmosis, and membrane potentials in a sodium montmorillonite is started. Preliminary results of streaming potential measurements are presented and demonstrate that the build-up of a streaming potential due to a hydraulic gradient is a reproducible process that influences the water flow through the clay, and that the extent of the streaming potential depends on the salt concentration of the permeating solution.  相似文献   

干旱区绿洲与荒漠相互作用下陆面特征的数值模拟   总被引：25，自引：9，他引：16  

张强  赵鸣 《高原气象》1998,17(4):335-346

用新发展的二维中尺度土壤－植被－大气连续体数值模式,系统地模拟了绿洲与荒漠相互作用下的陆面特征和地表面能量输送特征。这一模拟结果不仅部分地验证了陆面过程野外实验的观测结果。  相似文献   

原子吸收光谱同时测定多元素的研究     

张秉义 《铀矿地质》1985,(2)

本文着重从提高原子吸收光谱分析的效率出发,利用等离子体光源和光谱仪以替代目前原子吸收光谱分析所用的空心阴极灯和单色器系统,对多种元素进行同时测定。选用了Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn等四个元素进行实验,结果良好。此外,对这种方法的特点以及在实际工作中的应用等方面也作了简要叙述。  相似文献