Effects of riparian manipulation on stream communities in small streams: Two case studies     

I.G. Jowett  J. Richardson  J.A.T. Boubée 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):763-774

The effects of riparian manipulation in New Zealand are described for two case studies, one a short‐term study of the effects of the removal of riparian vegetation on fish, and the second, a long‐term study of the effect of re‐establishment of riparian vegetation on fish and benthic macro invertebrates. The first case study was an experiment carried out between November 2001 and May 2002. Overhanging bank vegetation and in‐stream wood were removed from short reaches of a small pastoral stream that had intact riparian margins, resulting in a change in stream structure with the formation of shallow uniform runs rather than pool and riffle structures as in unmodified reaches. The removal of bank cover and consequential instream habitat changes reduced inanga (Galaxias maculatus) densities by a factor of four within months of vegetation removal, showing the importance of instream cover and habitat to inanga. Adult longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) also became less abundant in the cleared reaches, but elvers (Anguilla spp.) became more abundant. In the second case study, pastoral sections in two small streams draining from native forest catchments were restored in 1995/96 by planting riparian vegetation and preventing stock access. After 10 years, the restoration efforts had more than doubled the numbers of giant kokopu (G. argenteus) and redfin bullies (Gobiomorphus huttoni), slightly increased numbers of banded kokopu (G. fasciatus), and decreased shortfin eel (A. australis) numbers by about 40%. The macroinvertebrate communities changed so that they became more similar to those at upstream native forest reference sites. These two case studies show that riparian margins can influence the composition of the fish and macroinvertebrate communities in small streams through the effects on cover, instream habitat and probably water temperature. Riparian restoration was most effective for the fish species that use cover and pool habitat.  相似文献   

Land use,associated eel production,and abundance of fish and crayfish in streams in Waikato,New Zealand     

Brendan J. Hicks  Helen M. C. McCaughan 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):635-650

Abstract

The density and biomass of fish and crayfish, and the production of eels, was compared among streams in native forest, exotic forest, and pasture. Populations were estimated by multiple‐pass electroshocking at 11 sites in hill‐country streams in the Waikato region, North Island. Three sites were in native forest, four in exotic forest, and four in pasture. Length of stream sampled at each site was 46–94 m (41–246 m² in area), and catchment areas up stream of the sites ranged from 0.44 to 2.01 km².

A total of 487 fish were caught. The species were longfinned and shortfinned eels, banded kokopu, Cran's and redfinned bullies, and common smelt. Eels were the most abundant fish in all three land‐use types, and shortfinned eels were more abundant at pastoral sites (mean density 1.11 fish m^?2) than longfinned eels (mean density 0.129 fish m^?2). Banded kokopu were present only at forested sites. Mean fish densities were greater at pastoral sites (1.55 fish m^?2) than under either native forest (0.130 fish m^?2) or exotic forest (0.229 fish m^?2). Mean fish biomass was also greater at pastoral sites (89.7 g m^?2) than under native forest (12.8 g m^?2) or exotic forest (19.3 g m^?2). Longfinned eels made a greater contribution to the fish biomass at all sites than did shortfinned eels. Densities of crayfish were high (0.46–5.40 crayfish m^?2), but were not significantly different between land‐use types. Crayfish biomass ranged from 1.79 to 11.2 g m^?2. Total eel production was greater at pastoral sites (mean 17.9 g m^?2 year¹) than at forest sites (mean 2.39 gm^?2 year^?1).  相似文献   

Reduced abundance of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and other native fish in turbid rivers of the North Island of New Zealand     

David Rowe  Murray Hicks  Jody Richardson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):547-558

Laboratory experiments demonstrated that migrant juvenile banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus Gray) were more sensitive to suspended sediment (SS) than other native fish species. If juvenile migrants avoid waters made turbid by SS and their recruitment to adult habitats up stream is reduced, then adult abundance may decline in turbid rivers. To test this, we compared the abundance of diadromous native fish between turbid and clear rivers. The duration (% time) for which SS concentrations exceeded 120 mg litre^‐1 (a critical level from laboratory experiments) during the migration season (August‐December) was estimated for over 150 New Zealand river sites. Turbid rivers were defined as those where SS concentrations exceeded 120 mg litre^‐1 for over 20% of the time and clear rivers as those where SS concentrations exceeded 120 mg litre^‐1 for less than 10% of the time. Eight turbid rivers and seven clear ones were identified where sufficient data on SS and native fish populations existed to permit a comparison. The mean occurrence of banded kokopu was reduced by 89.5% in turbid rivers and, although other diadromous fish species were also less common, banded kokopu was most affected. Densities of adult banded kokopu were also significantly lower in optimal stream habitats in three turbid compared with three matched clear rivers. We therefore concluded that the abundance of adult banded kokopu was reduced in turbid rivers and propose that this is because of reduced recruitment of juveniles in turbid rivers.  相似文献   

Soft‐bottom macrobenthic communities of Manukau Harbour,New Zealand   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K. R. Grange 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):315-329

A survey of the macrobenthos at 42 stations in the channels and subtidal sandflats in Manukau Harbour, Auckland, revealed four biotic associations; although referred to as communities, they are not equivalent to Peterson‐type communities since they are not particularly discrete and there is some overlap in species composition. The similarity in species between stations was measured by percentage similarity coefficients using Jaccard's coefficient for presence‐absence data and Czekanowski's coefficient for log‐transformed quantitative data. Stations were grouped in dendrograms by group‐average sorting which allowed re‐arrangement of the similarity matrices into trellis diagrams.

Dominant species in each of the four groups of stations were ranked by calculating a ‘community score’ for each, based on its abundance, fidelity, and bioindex value within the group. Each of the four groups was found to support a unique group of species and these are considered as representing four communities. Two indicator species in each community were identified from the highest community scores: Group 1, the Microcosmus/Nolomithrax community — associated with a coarse sediment of dead bivalve shells and small rocks in shallow water. It has high species diversity indices; Group 2, the Halicarcinus/Bugula community— associated with a relatively coarse sediment of dead shells, grit, and little sand in deep water in the main channels; Group 3, the Amalda/Myadora community—associated with fine sand with mud or shell grit in shallow parts of the channels; and Group 4, the Fellaster/Pagurus community — associated with ironsand in shallow water in the outer harbour. It has low species diversity indices.  相似文献   

几种鲑鳟鱼血清蛋白非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨贵强  徐绍刚  王建  高云奇  王占全 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(4):1068-1072

采用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳的方法分析了硬头鳟、金鳟、虹鳟、北极红点鲑和溪红点鲑血清蛋白的组成成分及其含量。结果显示, 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者之间的遗传距离最小, 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与溪红点鲑的遗传距离最大; 硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与北极红点鲑处于同一亚组, 而溪红点鲑独处于另一亚组。研究结果表明硬头鳟、金鳟和虹鳟三者与溪红点鲑的亲缘关系远于与北极红点鲑的关系; 同时还表明, 以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析鲑鳟鱼血清蛋白的方法简单易行、重复性好。本研究结果对鲑鳟鱼的种属鉴定、良种选育、品种改良和遗传结构分析提供了试验依据; 虹鳟的繁养殖需进一步规范化和标准化, 减少蛋白遗传基因的流失, 从根本上预防大规模疾病的暴发。  相似文献   

石英原料在太阳能产业及其他高科技工业中的应用前景——以哈萨克斯坦和埃及为例     

O B Beiseyev  李有柱  A O Beiseyev  A M Zayed 《西安地质学院学报》2010,(1):73-80

人类开发应用石英具有悠久的历史：早在石器时代,人类就曾将石英作为装饰品、工具、法器、武器、日用品等应用;在工业时代,石英主要作为玻璃原料及冶金熔剂使用;当代,石英广泛应用于许多工业和高科技领域。近年来,石英作为可再生能源及其它高科技领域用的材料,特别是以石英为原料制备多晶硅及单晶硅作为微电子学材料及太阳能利用材料方面展示了广阔的前景。但这个领域对石英纯度的要求很高,通过传统的提纯和晶体生长技术将石英转化为硅很不经济,因为传统方法大量使用氯、氯化氢及四氯化硅对环境有负面影响。而开发闭路循环技术系统或使用高纯度石英原料足解决这个问题的重要途径,前者取决于化学冶金技术水平,而后者则取决于矿产地质。因此,高纯度石英的找矿评价及工业硅的提纯是大力发展太阳能产业的重要途径。目前,以石英为原料进行高纯半导体材料和微电子材料等的合成在有些国家已经大规模工业化,并形成产业,如太阳能产业和高科技工业。据预测,在2010至2012年间,高纯石英原料将会短缺且竞争激烈。根据发达国家的实践经验,在哈萨克斯坦建立用于太阳能和其它高科技工业的高纯石英基地具有重要的理论和现实意义。哈萨克斯坦高纯石英资源丰富,在哈萨克斯坦中部,变质成因的石英脉及交代型的石英岩很普通,在东部、中部、南部和西部,石英结晶仡岗岩则很多,水晶矿床则主要集中在哈萨克斯坦的西南地区,花岗岩侵入体的水晶矿以及粒状石英脉几乎在哈萨克斯坦到处都有分布,结晶花岗岩则分布在哈萨克斯坦北部和南部地区,但是该国针对高纯石英的工业化研究与应用则很少。埃及的石英原料也很丰富,主要矿床位于该国中部和东南部地区,工业化研究与应用也很少。建议这两个国家将高纯石英原料作为太阳能产业及其它高科技产业发展的重点研究领域。  相似文献   

长效硅钾肥在信阳水稻上的肥效试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

余殿友  赵凤兰  陈常友  邓挺 《地域研究与开发》2000,19(1):95-96

通过田间试验研究了长效硅钾肥在信阳水稻上的肥料效果。结果表明 ,长效硅钾肥对本区的水稻有显著的增产作用 ,其肥效优于同钾量的化肥。  相似文献   

Spinifex Texture of Native Sulfur: A Cooling Product of Sulfur Flow Eruptions at Shiretoko-Iwozan Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan     

Akira IMAI  Nobuo GESHI 《Resource Geology》1999,49(2):99-104

Abstract: Several native sulfur specimens, collected from Shiretoko-Iwozan volcano, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, exhibit spinifex texture, which appears to resemble that often observed in komatiite. The spinifex texture is exhibited by yellow-colored elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals up to 5 cm long settled in medium gray-colored fine–grained clayey matrix. One surface of a specimen is coated by layers of micro pillow lava of native sulfur. Such specimens were rarely found as clasts or fragments around the 1936 No. 1 crater that erupted native sulfur flows, together with the most common monomineralic native sulfur fragments of native sulfur flows having pahoehoe surface and of native sulfur dikes. The elongated spinifex native sulfur crystals presently consist of aggregated polygrains of orthorhombic sulfur crystals formed through crystallo-graphic transition from the single crystal of monoclinic sulfur initially crystallized. The spinifex texture exhibited by elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals is a product of rapid cooling of sulfur melt. Many lithic fragments of altered country rocks are present in the specimens exhibiting native sulfur spinifex texture. This suggests that segregation of the sulfur melt from the mixture of lithic fragments and sulfur melt was incomplete because the mixture was chilled before the melt segregation. Elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals may have nucleated and crystallized directly from the molten sulfur liquid. Lithic fragments mixed in the melt are supposed to have acted as nuclei for the nucleation of the native sulfur crystals. On the other hand, the most of native sulfur flows consist of monomineralic massive native sulfur with very scarce lithic fragments. Such massive monomineralic native sulfur crystallized from the supercooled, solidified amorphous sulfur. Such supercooled amorphous state may have been attained due to the lack of nuclei because of the scarcity of lithic fragments. The unique structures exhibited by native sulfur lava flow, including pahoehoe surface and spinifex texture, are due to the characteristic physical property of molten sulfur liquid, that is, low viscosity.  相似文献   

祁雨沟金矿自然金晶体形态和微形貌的生长动力学研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨竹森  高振敏  李红阳  丁振举 《矿物学报》1999,19(4):475-482

根据自然金晶体生长和台阶运动的动力学以及台阶聚并规律,自然金的晶体形态和晶面微形貌具有较强规律性。晶体形态随温度和金的过饱和度增高,由（１１０）习性晶经（１００）习性晶演变为（１１１）习性晶;晶面上阶梯状生长纹的高胡金的过饱和度的增大而增高胡金的过饱和度的增大而增高,阶梯的密度随热液碱性程度的升高而增大。这一结论得到河南祁雨沟金矿Ⅴ、Ⅶ阶段自然金晶体形态的证实,并与其它金矿的地质事实和人工合成实验  相似文献   

青海省外来鱼类调查(2001—2014年)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

唐文家  何德奎 《湖泊科学》2015,27(3):502-510

2001-2014年对青海省主要水体中外来鱼类组成、分布和生态习性进行了系统调查.野外调查采集到外来鱼类30种,隶属6目12科25属,已建群外来鱼类16种.其中,黄河水系拥有的外来鱼类最多,共26种;长江上游有4种,为该河段首次记录;可鲁克湖12种,是内陆水体中外来鱼类最多的水域.结合历史文献记录,截至2013年,全省记录外来鱼类7目13科31属36种,已远超土著鱼类物种数(50种和亚种)的一半.调查分析发现外来鱼类呈现数量持续增多、分布范围向高海拔扩张的趋势.已建群外来鱼类主要是分布于我国东部平原地区的广布型物种.虹鳟(Oncorhynchus myskiss)是代表性外来种,现已在黄河上游干流部分河段形成自然繁殖群体,其食物组成包括水生无脊椎动物和高原鳅等土著鱼类.建立水产种质资源保护区和开展外来鱼类影响研究是防控高原地区外来鱼类的必要措施.  相似文献