光纤光栅技术在工程变形监测中的应用     

张廷玉 《测绘与空间地理信息》2013,36(6):196-197,201

介绍了光纤光栅技术在工程变形监测中的应用,简述了光纤光栅监测的技术原理及光纤光栅的制作方法。  相似文献   

Instrumental method for reducing error in compression-derived measurements of rainfall interception for individual trees     

John T. Van Stan II 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1061-1066

Abstract

This technical note presents an instrumental method for the precise and timely installation of mechanical displacement sensors to investigate stem compression and relaxation associated with whole-tree rainwater loading and evaporation, respectively. We developed this procedure in response to the conclusions of Friesen et al. (2008 Friesen, J. 2008. Tree rainfall interception measured by stem compression. Water Resources Research, 44 doi:doi:10.1029/2008 WR007074. [Google Scholar]), which called for the development of a precision mounting method for strain sensors on inherently-irregular trunk cross-sections so that rainfall interception, storage and evaporation may be distinguished from other strain-related phenomena. To supply precise sensor installation locations, high-resolution trunk profiles are generated using the LaserBark^TM automated tree measurement system. These scans are utilized to approximate the location of neutral bending axes. A routine then instructs a mobile rangefinder along the cross-section to optically indicate exact positioning for strain sensors over the bending axes. As imprecise sensor placement linearly increases error and diminishes signal-to-noise ratio, this automated installation routine is designed to remove significant distortions created by wind throw, off-centre loading within unevenly-distributed canopies, and human error that can lead to erroneous measurements of rainfall interception.

Citation Van Stan, J. T. II, Jarvis, M. T., Levia, D. F. Jr & Friesen, J. (2011) Instrumental method for reducing error in compressionderived measurements of rainfall interception for individual trees. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(6), 1061–1066.  相似文献   

亚像素相位相关法在获取汶川地震近场形变中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

刘云华  单新建  屈春燕  宋小刚  张桂芳 《地震地质》2013,35(1):138-150

震后地表实际破裂带的分布及其近场的形变特征,是理解块体运动学特性、断层破裂特征、地震发生机制等科学问题的十分重要的约束条件。基于InSAR获取的汶川地震同震形变场,由于发震断层附近同震形变梯度巨大,沿断层带出现了非相干条带,以致于无法获得断层附近的形变量。而基于亚像素级的光学影像偏移量法为获取断层附近大形变分布提供了可能。文中以SPOT卫星影像为数据源,采用光学影像偏移量法获得了什邡及茂县地区的水平位移形变场。结果显示龙门山断裂带上至少2条断裂同时发生破裂,形成了主要地表破裂带(龙门山镇-高川破裂带)和次级地表破裂带(汉旺破裂带),沿龙门山镇-高川破裂带平均位移量为4～6m,在高川附近伴随的平均右旋水平位移为1～3m; 汉旺破裂带因逆冲导致水平缩短,平均位移量一般为1～2m。汶川-茂县断裂带没有明显的地表破裂带。研究表明,利用光学影像相位相关法能够获得近断层位错量,可以成为InSAR手段的重要补充。  相似文献   

流动宽频带地震计自噪声测试研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

尹昕忠  陈九辉  李顺成  郭飚 《地震地质》2013,35(3)

分别采用双台地震计自噪声互相关分析法(以下简称“Holcomb双台法”)和3台地震计自噪声互相关分析法(以下简称“Sleeman多台法”)对CMG-3T、BBVS-120、STS-2型流动宽频带地震计进行自噪声测试研究.结果表明:Sleeman多台法因有效地规避了传递函数引起的误差,在处理流动宽频带地震计实际记录数据方面比Holcomb双台法更能有效地滤除背景噪声;在简单测试条件下,3种常用流动地震计的自噪声在0.06 ～1 Hz频带内均低于NLNM曲线,显示了相当好的噪声性能指标;在流动台阵观测过程中,地震计方位准确性以及地震计的保温防护措施是保证发挥仪器性能的重要因素.  相似文献   

井水温度观测中有待解决的若干基本问题   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

车用太  鱼金子 《中国地震》2013,29(3):306-315

我国井水温度观测已初具规模,在地震监测与预测中发挥重要作用,也已记录到十分有价值的地球动力学信息,但同时也暴露出一些问题。主要问题有测项的命名、仪器的稳定性、传感器的最佳置深等。不解决这些基本问题,必然会影响水温监测技术的进一步发展及其在地震监测预测中发挥更加有效的作用。  相似文献   

Determining oil slick thickness using hyperspectral remote sensing in the Bohai Sea of China     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(1):76-93

Abstract

Determining oil slick thickness plays an important role in assessing oil spill volume and its environmental impacts on the ocean. In this study, we used a Hyperion image of an oil spill accident area and seawater and fresh crude oil samples collected in the Bohai Sea of China. A well-controlled laboratory experiment was designed to simulate spectral responses to different oil slick thicknesses. Spectral resampling and normalization methods were used to reduce the differences in spectral reflectances between the experimental background seawater sample and real background seawater. Fitting the analysis with laboratory experimental data results showed a linear relationship between normalized oil slick reflectance and normalized oil slick thickness [20th band (R ²=0.92938, n=49, p<0.01), 26th band (R ²=0.93806, n=49, p<0.01), 29th band (R ²=0.93288, n=49, p<0.01)]. By using these statistical models, we successfully determined the normalized oil slick thickness with the Hyperion image. Our results indicate that hyperspectral remote sensing technology is an effective method to monitor oil spills on water. The spectral ranges of visible green and red light were the optimal bands for estimating oil slick thickness in case 2 water. The high, stabilized spectral reflectance of background seawater will be helpful in oil slick thickness inversion.  相似文献   

Pervasive geo-security – a lightweight triple-A approach to securing distributed geo-service infrastructures     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(5):373-390

Security has recently become a major concern in distributed geo-infrastructures for spatial data provision. Thus, a lightweight approach for securing distributed low-power environments such as geo-sensor networks is needed. The first part of this article presents a survey of current security mechanisms for authentication and authorisation. Based on this survey, a lightweight and scalable token-based security infrastructure was developed, which is tailored for use in distributed geo-web service infrastructures. The developed security framework comprises dedicated components for authentication, rule-based authorisation and optimised storage and administration of access rules. For validation purposes, a prototypical implementation of the approach has been created.  相似文献   

A framework design for the Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems (CNDRSS)     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(1):68-87

China is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. Currently, the disaster prevention and relief mechanism in China is mainly based on single disaster types and is implemented by different ministries and divisions in single administrative regions. Subsequently, the available resources, including data, services, materials, and human resources, cannot be shared and used effectively. Based on the idea of an observation system of systems and a business system of systems, this paper presents an integrated framework for a Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems (CNDRSS) to address this issue. The CNDRSS framework aims to achieve data sharing and collaboration among different disaster-related ministries/institutions by providing one-stop services for all phases of disaster management and linking together existing and planned disaster-related business systems and observation systems. The key technologies use federated databases and a web service to integrate multiple disaster management systems among different ministries/institutions and a sensor web to integrate airborne, space-borne, and in-situ observations through the web service. These event-driven focused-services connecting the various observations, processing, and mapping processes can meet the requirements for complex disaster-chain systems.  相似文献   

Efficiently implementable algebra for distributed in-network spatial analysis     

Farhana Jabeen  Alvaro A.A. Fernandes 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):815-844

Existing sensor network query processors (SNQPs) have demonstrated that in-network processing is an effective and efficient means of interacting with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for data collection tasks. Inspired by these findings, this article investigates the question as to whether spatial analysis over WSNs can be built upon established distributed query processing techniques, but, here, emphasis is on the spatial aspects of sensed data, which are not adequately addressed in the existing SNQPs. By spatial analysis, we mean the ability to detect topological relationships between spatially referenced entities (e.g. whether mist intersects a vineyard or is disjoint from it) and to derive representations grounded on such relationships (e.g. the geometrical extent of that part of a vineyard that is covered by mist). To support the efficient representation, querying and manipulation of spatial data, we use an algebraic approach. We revisit a previously proposed centralized spatial algebra comprising a set of spatial data types and a comprehensive collection of operations. We have redefined and re-conceptualized the algebra for distributed evaluation and shown that it can be efficiently implemented for in-network execution. This article provides rigorous, formal definitions of the spatial data types, points, lines and regions, together with spatial-valued and topological operations over them. The article shows how the algebra can be used to characterize complex and expressive topological relationships between spatial entities and spatial phenomena that, due to their dynamic, evolving nature, cannot be represented a priori.  相似文献   

Comparison of five snow water equivalent estimation methods across categories          下载免费PDF全文

Huaxia Yao  Timothy Field  Christopher McConnell  Andy Beaton  April L. James 《水文研究》2018,32(12):1894-1908

Snow water equivalent (SWE) is an important indicator used in hydrology, water resources, and climate change impact. There are various methods of estimating SWE (falling in 3 categories: indirect sensors, empirical models, and process‐based models), but few studies that provide comparison across these different categories to help users make decisions on monitoring site design or method selection. Five SWE estimation methods were compared against manual snow course data collected over 2 years (2015–2016) from the Dorset Environmental Science Centre, including the gamma‐radiation‐based CS725 sensor, 3 empirical estimation models (Sexstone snow density model, McCreight & Small snow density model, and a meteorology‐based model), and the University of British Columbia Watershed Model snow energy‐balance model. Snow depth, density, and SWE were measured at the Dorset Environmental Science Centre weather station in south‐central Ontario, on a daily basis over 6 winters from 2011 to 2016. The 2 snow density‐based models, requiring daily snow depth as input, gave the best performance (R² of .92 and .92 for McCreight & Small and Sexstone models, respectively). The CS725 sensor that receives radiation coming from soil penetrating the snowpack provided the same performance (R² = .92), proving that the sensor is an applicable method, although it is expensive. The meteorology‐based empirical model, requiring daily climate data including temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, gave the poorest performance (R² = .77). The energy‐balance‐based University of British Columbia Watershed Model snow module, only requiring climate data, worked better than the empirical meteorology‐based model (R² = .9) but performed worse than the density models or CS725 sensor. Given differences in application objectives, site conditions, and budget, this comparison across SWE estimation methods may help users choose a suitable method. For ongoing and new monitoring sites, installation of a CS725 sensor coupled with intermittent manual snow course measurements (e.g., weekly) is recommended for further SWE method estimation testing and development of a snow density model.  相似文献