轮牧传统衰退:滇西北藏区亚高山草地退化的人文因素   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

吴兆录  蔡传涛  许又凯  刘宏茂 《云南地理环境研究》2005,17(6):1-4

滇西北藏区亚高山草地退化是个有目共睹的现实,有自然的原因也有人文的原因。以实地调查为基础,从藏民生计出发的研究发现,滇西北藏族的畜牧生产特点是6～9月位于3800m以上的高山草甸地带,11月至翌年3月位于3200m左右的亚高山草甸地带,属于轮牧作业;轮牧传统适应了气候和植物生长的季节性变化,有效地维持草地生产和传统围栏农业。轮牧传统的衰退,使牲畜集中在亚高山草甸地带,导致了草地退化。充分挖掘和尊重民族传统知识有助于退化草地恢复。  相似文献   

用反射共偏移法探测煤层厚度          下载免费PDF全文

丁宽 《甘肃地质》2007,16(1):93-96,70

地震波在煤、岩层中传播，当遇到不同岩性之间的界面时，就会发生反射。根据这一原理，对四台矿8307工作面12^#煤层利用KDZ1114-3型便携式矿井地质探测仪，接收煤、岩层中反射波信息，解析得到反射界面的位置，进而确定煤、岩层的厚度。  相似文献   

Interrill erosion in the sloping lands of northern Laos subjected to shifting cultivation     

V. Chaplot  X. Khampaseuth  C. Valentin  Y. Le Bissonnais 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(3):415-428

In this study our main objective was to quantify water interrill erosion in the sloping lands of Southeast Asia, one of the most bio‐geochemically active regions of the world. Investigations were performed on a typical hillslope of Northern Laos subjected to slash and burn agriculture practiced as shifting cultivation. Situations with different periods of the shifting cultivation cycle (secondary forest, upland rice cultivation following a four‐year fallow period and three‐year continuous upland rice cultivation) and soil orders (Ultisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) were selected. One metre square micro‐plots were installed to quantify the soil material removed by either detachment of entire soil aggregate or aggregate destruction, and the detached material transported by thin sheet flow, the main mechanisms of interrill erosion. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out to quantify the aggregate destruction in the process of water erosion by slaking, dispersion and mechanical breakdown. The average runoff coefficient (R) evaluated throughout the 2002 rainy season was 30·1 per cent and the interrill erosion was 1413 g m^?2 yr^?1 for sediments and 68 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for soil organic carbon, which was relatively high. Among the mechanisms of interrill water erosion, aggregate destruction was low and mostly caused by mechanical breakdown due to raindrops, thus leading to the conclusion that detachment and further transport by the shallow runoff of macro‐aggregates predominates. R ranged from 23·1 to 35·8 per cent. It decreased with the proportion of mosses on the soil surface and soil surface coverage, and increased with increasing proportion of structural crust, thus confirming previous results. Water erosion varied from 621 to 2433 g m^?2 yr^?1 for sediments and from 31 to 146 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for soil organic carbon, and significantly increased with increasing clay content of the surface horizon, probably due to the formation of easily detachable and transportable sand‐size aggregates, and proportion of macro‐aggregates not embedded in the soil matrix and prone to transport. In addition, water erosion decreased with increasing proportion of structural crusts, probably due to their higher hardness, and when cultivation follows a fallow period rather than after a long period of cultivation due to the greater occurrence of algae on the soil surface, which affords physical protection and greater aggregate stability through binding and gluing. This study based on simultaneous field and laboratory investigations allowed successful identification and quantification of the main erosion mechanisms and controlling factors of interrill erosion, which will give arguments to further set up optimal strategies for sustainable use of the sloping lands of Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

多层四流球谐函数算法的构建及在大气辐射传输模式中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张华  卢鹏 《气象学报》2014,72(6):1257-1268

为了在不大幅度增加计算成本的情况下提高大气辐射传输计算的精度,利用单层四流球谐函数结合多层二流累加法,构造了可用于多层大气的四流球谐函数算法。为了比较与其他辐射传输算法的差异,引入48流离散纵坐标算法作为比较标准,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标算法作为比较对象。在真实大气廓线条件下,计算了晴空和有云大气顶向上辐射通量、地表向下辐射通量以及加热率廓线。得出以下结论：在晴空情况下,与作为标准的48流离散纵坐标法相比,Eddington 近似、四流离散纵坐标法和新构造的四流球谐函数方法加热率绝对误差都小于0?3 K／d;向上、向下辐射通量的相对误差分别小于1％和0?6％。这表明在晴空情况下,3种算法对加热率的计算精度差别不大;对辐射通量的计算精度,两种四流近似算法比传统的 Eddington 近似更为精确。在有云情况下,与48流离散纵坐标法相比,四流球谐函数和四流离散纵坐标法计算的云顶加热率相对误差小于1％,而 Eddington 近似计算的云顶加热率相对误差大于5％。结果表明：新构造的四流球谐函数算法可用于大气辐射传输模式,在不大幅度增加计算成本的同时,提高了晴空大气的整体辐射计算精度和有云大气辐射加热率的计算精度。  相似文献   

Dynamics of the Alpine Treeline Ecotone under Global Warming: A Review     

XU Dandan  AN Deshuai  ZHU Jianqin 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(3):476-482

The alpine treeline ecotone is defined as a forest-grassland or forest-tundra transition boundary either between subalpine forest and treeless grassland, or between subalpine forest and treeless tundra. The alpine treeline ecotone serves irreplaceable ecological functions and provides various ecosystem services. There are three lines associated with the alpine treeline ecotone, the tree species line (i.e., the highest elevational limit of individual tree establishment and growth), the treeline (i.e., the transition line between tree islands and isolated individual trees) and the timber line (i.e., the upper boundary of the closed subalpine forest). The alpine treeline ecotone is the belt region between the tree species line and the timber line of the closed forest. The treeline is very sensitive to climate change and is often used as an indicator for the response of vegetation to global warming. However, there is currently no comprehensive review in the field of alpine treeline advance under global warming. Therefore, this review summarizes the literature and discusses the theoretical bases and challenges in the study of alpine treeline dynamics from the following four aspects: (1) Ecological functions and issues of treeline dynamics; (2) Methodology for monitoring treeline dynamics; (3) Treeline shifts in different climate zones; (4) Driving factors for treeline upward shifting.  相似文献   

Criteria for assessing dynamic collapse of elastoplastic structural systems     

Y. Araki  K. D. Hjelmstad 《地震工程与结构动力学》2000,29(8):1177-1198

Criteria are presented for assessing the propensity for dynamic collapse of elastoplastic structural systems. To detect the onset of dynamic collapse, three key concepts are introduced. First, the equations of motion are linearized and time shifted relative to a reference time in a dynamic process. Second, we study the free vibration of the system after the reference time. Third, we use a modal decomposition of the response. We suggest that dynamic collapse is likely if (1) there exist negative eigenvalues of the Hessian of the total potential energy and (2) the direction of motion is consistent with the loading direction of the elastoplastic material. The direction of motion is determined by using the gradient of total potential energy and the eigenmodes corresponding to the negative eigenvalues. The fidelity of the present criteria is demonstrated through numerical examples for which the non‐linear equations of motion can be integrated exactly. With the present approach, it becomes apparent that p‐delta effects, the tangent stiffness, the internal resistance, and the direction of unloading all play key roles in the dynamic collapse of structures. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒流沙前缘与绿洲内部近地面逆温逆湿特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

毛东雷  蔡富艳  李新国  雷加强  来风兵  薛杰 《干旱区地理》2019,42(5):976-985

利用新疆策勒流沙前缘及绿洲内部的野外气象观测数据,运用同步对比与统计分析方法,分析塔克拉玛干沙漠流沙前缘及绿洲内部近地表0.5 m和2m高度之间逆温逆湿特征,揭示不同时期、典型天气状况下的逆温逆湿特征,为沙漠与绿洲内部的热量和水汽运移交换提供理论依据。结果表明:流沙前缘月平均相对湿度最大值出现在10月,最小值出现在4月,气温最高出现在8月,最低出现在1月。2011年7月逆温逆湿强度最大,逆湿日数占总逆湿日数的38.71%,逆温日数占总逆温日数的3.76%。逆温时间集中在傍晚19:00至上午10:00之间,逆湿出现在上午10:00至晚上21:00之间。绿洲内部月最低气温出现在2011年1月,最高气温出现在2011年7月,相对湿度最小值出现在2011年4月,最大值(74.91%)出现在2010年9月。最强逆温逆湿现象出现在2010年的11月,平均日温差3.48℃,垂直高度湿差达2.27%。总体上,在流沙前缘与绿洲内部,冬季的相对湿度整体上大于夏季的相对湿度,而气温整体上表现为夏季高冬季低,同一高度的温度与湿度呈现较好的负相关性。在4种典型天气情况下,流沙前缘与绿洲内部出现的温湿度变化和逆温逆湿特征变化趋势基本一样,但出现的时间上基本存在绿洲内部提前流沙前缘滞后的现象,但在晴天和扬沙天气下,逆湿在流沙地出现的时间提前而流沙前缘滞后。绿洲内部出现的逆温逆湿持续时间一般比流沙地持续的时间较长。  相似文献