Estimating runoff from a glacierized catchment using natural tracers in the semi‐arid Andes cordillera          下载免费PDF全文

Maximiliano Rodriguez  Nils Ohlanders  Francesca Pellicciotti  Mark W. Williams  James McPhee 《水文研究》2016,30(20):3609-3626

This paper presents a methodology for hydrograph separation in mountain watersheds, which aims at identifying flow sources among ungauged headwater sub‐catchments through a combination of observed streamflow and data on natural tracers including isotope and dissolved solids. Daily summer and bi‐daily spring season water samples obtained at the outlet of the Juncal River Basin in the Andes of Central Chile were analysed for all major ions as well as stable water isotopes, δ¹⁸O and δD. Additionally, various samples from rain, snow, surface streams and exfiltrating subsurface water (springs) were sampled throughout the catchment. A principal component analysis was performed in order to address cross‐correlation in the tracer dataset, reduce the dimensionality of the problem and uncover patterns of variability. Potential sources were identified in a two‐component U‐space that explains 94% of the observed tracer variability at the catchment outlet. Hydrograph separation was performed through an Informative‐Bayesian model. Our results indicate that the Juncal Norte Glacier headwater sub‐catchment contributed at least 50% of summer flows at the Juncal River Basin outlet during the 2011–2012 water year (a hydrologically dry period in the Region), even though it accounts for only 27% of the basin area. Our study confirms the value of combining solute and isotope information for estimating source contributions in complex hydrologic systems, and provides insights regarding experimental design in high‐elevation semi‐arid catchments. The findings of this study can be useful for evaluating modelling studies of the hydrological consequences of the rapid decrease in glacier cover observed in this region, by providing insights into the origin of river water in basins with little hydrometeorological information. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

新近发现的H_2O6_（16）－5_（23）脉泽速度时变的研究     

向德琳  吕静  周雪芽 《天文学报》1996,(1)

本文作者用美国ＮＲＡＯ，ＧｒｅｅｎＢａｎｋ４３ｍ和中国科学院紫金山天文台德令哈１３．７ｍ射电望远镜，对新近发现的水６１６—５２３脉泽相隔约１年的三次观测结果作了本地静止标准速度时变的研究，在分析实测结果时采用了参量ＬＳＲ速度延展（Ｖｓｐｄ），相继两历元观测的谱征峰值速度极差（ＤＶ）和速度位移（ＤＶ）．结果表明可将分析样本归纳为两类：Ａ类，微弱多数样本的速度时变给出的谱征位移显示脉泽结的替代效应．这种情况是在观测波束内存在若干未分解的脉泽斑引起的，主要受制于共同激发源的简单运动；Ｂ类，余下的样本给出较大的速度极差，呈现脉泽结整体的运动，涉及激发源的加速和减速以及抽运机制．  相似文献   

Fine-grained submarine fans as possible recorders of long- and short-term climatic changes     

A. H. Bouma   《Global and Planetary Change》2001,28(1-4)

Two major end-members of point-sourced submarine fans can be recognized: coarse-grained and fine-grained. The coarse-grained member is known from active margins where the sediment source is rather close to the coast. Once reaching the coast, most of the sediment goes into longshore transport and may move down a shelf depression to the slope. The movement of the sediment will gradually carve out a canyon. On the basin floor, a submarine fan is constructed that gradually progrades into the basin. Its thickness and sand/shale ratio decrease downdip.The fine-grained member is common for passive margins. It is a bypass system. The sediment originates far from the coast, the fluvial system is long and a major delta commonly results. Exposure of the wide shelf requires a relative lowering of sea level. Rapid aggradation of sediment near the shelfbreak results in high pore pressure that causes failure, followed by slumping and density flow transport. Deposition may commence at the base-of-slope. Leveed-channel transport is common on the mid-fan, while sheet-sand deposition takes place on the outer fan. Progradation of individual fan systems is rapid, followed by lateral switching to minimize bottom topography.Global and regional climatic changes cause variation in the growth/decay ratio of continental glaciers and in the type of fluvial effluent (hypopycnal and hyperpycnal outflows). Major global climate changes can cause ice ages, while smaller climate changes often influence transport and depositional variations. Shelf bypassing may result if hyperpycnal outflow conditions exist upon entering salt water. Although presently unknown, fine-grained submarine fans may provide data required to help analyze paleoclimate.  相似文献   

山东省主要生态环境地质问题与调查方法探讨     

徐军祥  石宝玉  程秀明 《山东国土资源》2002,(Z1)

山东省主要生态地质环境问题———海 (咸 )水入侵、地下水超采漏斗、地面塌陷、地面沉降、地裂缝、地下水串层污染 ,主要是对地下水不合理开发造成的。从综合治理的需要出发 ,新一轮生态地质环境调查应包括地下水潜力调查、地下水环境质量调查、地下水环境保护区划、地下水调蓄条件调查、环境地质问题与灾害调查等内容。在调查方法上 ,要充分利用“3S”技术 ,要采用点、线、面结合的调查方法 ,要确定重点、典型区、带加深调研以带动面上的调查 ,并要针对各地不同情况有侧重的开展调查工作。  相似文献   

弯道出流横向流速的衰减长度     

周建银  邵学军  假冬冬  秦翠翠 《水科学进展》2014,25(3):392-400

为研究弯道出流横向流速的衰减规律,通过量纲分析建立了量纲一衰减长度的经验公式,采用系列数值试验的结果率定了该经验公式,分析了各因素影响程度以及衰减长度分布规律,并与理论公式进行了对比。试验发现雷诺数Re和弗劳德数Fr对衰减长度影响极小;衰减长度,横向上凹岸区最大,中间次之,凸岸区最小;垂向上近底区最大,近水面区次之,最小值位于中间。典型理论公式计算的衰减长度的垂向分布,与试验结果定性一致,但由于忽略横比降的影响,导致其在近底区偏小。结果表明:该经验公式考虑因素较理论公式更为全面;衰减长度在不同区域不同;采用相似模型研究弯道出流的环流衰减长度时,需要保证阻力相似,但一定条件下,可以放弃Fr和Re相似。  相似文献   

Contribution to the detection of Lake Masoko (Tanzania) groundwater outflow: isotopic evidence (18O,D) / Contribution à la détection des pertes souterraines du Lac Masoko (Tanzanie): évidences isotopiques (18O,D)     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5)

Abstract

The isotopic compositions (¹⁸O and D) of groundwater, springs, rivers and lake waters are used to account for the hydrological processes in the area of the closed maar Lake Masoko in Tanzania. Springs and groundwater from the northern, western and southern parts of the lake basin display relatively stable compositions, close to those of the mean precipitation, evidencing their fast infiltration rate. Springs located in the eastern part of the basin have enriched compositions, which are on the mixing line between the ?"non evaporated? water and the evaporated lake water. This underlines the hydraulic continuity between the lake and the eastern springs and supports a previous proposition of grounwater outflow from Lake Masoko. The mixing parts of lake water calculated at each spring are constant through time, evidencing the inertia of the system. Furthermore, the mixing part of the lake water decreases linearly with the distance from the lake, suggesting an homogeneous and continuous aquifer. These observations point to a west to east groundwater flow, in agreement with the altitude of different potentials.  相似文献   

两种快速测定非饱和土水力学参数方法的对比分析     

伊盼盼  韦昌富  魏厚振  曹华峰  徐文强 《岩土力学》2012,33(7):2007-2012

非饱和土水力学参数包括土-水特征曲线和渗透函数是非饱和土研究的重要内容。鉴于传统的测试方法耗时较长,提出了能够快速测定非饱和土水力学参数的一步流动方法和动态多步流动方法,并利用联合测试系统分别开展流动试验。通过对比分析,这两种方法得到的试样平衡态土-水特征曲线均与实测值接近,并且有效地避免了由于测试时间较长高压气体通过水流在陶土板背面析出的问题。一步流动方法比动态多步流动方法需要的时间短,但反算得到的土-水特征曲线与实测值的接近程度不如动态多步流动方法,因此,动态多步流动方法要优于一步流动方法。  相似文献   

基于局部地表形态的可变过水宽度多流向算法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程海洲  熊立华 《地理科学》2011,31(2):218-225

流向是地形分析中的重要内容之一,在分布式水文模型等研究中起着重要作用。文章提出基于局部地表形态的多流向算法,即对每一个DEM栅格,在以其为中心的3×3窗口中进行局部地形分析,确定基于随坡度和过水宽度而变化的水流分配系数。该方法被应用在实际数字地形模型上,并以汇水面积和比汇水面积为研究指标,与目前流行的D8、Dinf等算法进行了相似性分析。结果表明,该方法能够获得更为符合实际的水流汇集的空间分布。  相似文献   

High salinity winter outflow from a mega inverse-estuary—the Great Australian Bight     

P. Petrusevics  J.A.T. Bye  V. Fahlbusch  J. Hammat  D.R. Tippins  E. van Wijk 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observations taken in the Great Australian Bight (GAB) during ORV Franklin cruise Fr 07/94 in July 1994 indicated the presence of a dense bottom layer at the head of the GAB, which flowed along the sea floor towards the shelf-break as a gravity current The north central region of the GAB was stratified with a maximum salinity difference of between 0.4 and 0.5. The outflow was confined to the shelf and was directed in a south-easterly direction with little evidence of cross-shelf transport. The flow exhibited a well-defined bottom interface evident from the head of the GAB to near the mouth of Spencer Gulf (SG), where the surface-bottom salinity difference was about 0.3. The mean thickness of the outflow was about 15 m. An estimate of the speed of the outflow at the discharge over the shelf-break was made using the zero entrainment assumption. This yielded a speed of <16 cm s⁻¹, which remarkably was consistent with near bottom current meter measurements (16 cm s⁻¹) on the continental shelf edge, reported south of the Eyre Peninsula. A mass budget analysis indicated that the outflow, which probably is partially maintained by the gravity current and partly by a wind-driven circulation would exist over the period, July–December, with a peak transport of about 10⁶ m³s⁻¹ (1 Sverdrup) which is approximately twenty times that of the bottom outflow from the adjoining Spencer Gulf.  相似文献   

人工回灌物理堵塞特征试验及渗滤经验公式推导     

黄修东  束龙仓  崔峻岭  童坤  周庆鹏 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,44(6):1966-1972

人工回灌是提高水资源利用水平的重要工程措施,然而回灌过程中的堵塞问题会影响入渗效率和入渗工程的使用寿命。为了深入研究堵塞的机理,以控制堵塞问题,通过砂柱试验模拟了地下水人工回灌物理堵塞过程,通过测定含水率的变化分析了由堵塞引起的砂柱饱和-非饱和状态的转化。试验中出流速率经过了迅速增大到一峰值后快速减小,然后又缓慢变小的过程,即：仅经过72 h的回灌,砂柱的出流速率减小为2.18 m/d;72 h后砂样出流速率的减小明显放缓;192 h时,砂样出流速率为0.81 m/d,约为出流速率最大值的1/10。试验结果表明：回灌水悬浮物颗粒进入砂样空隙中引起渗透性减弱,和逐渐沉积在砂柱顶部形成的淤泥层是造成堵塞的直接原因,而淤泥层的形成是造成渗滤速率迅速下降的关键因素;淤泥层的弱透水性使砂样由上至下含水率发生了变化,导致了砂样导水率和水力梯度都降低,促使回灌渗滤速率迅速减小;回灌时间越长,淤泥层厚度越大,出流速率越小。由10组对比试验的结果,综合考虑引起雨洪渗滤系统堵塞的各种因素,建立了无砾石滤料雨洪水回灌过程计算渗滤速率变化的经验模型,拟合结果决定性系数为0.932。  相似文献