On the hydrological difference between catchments above and below the intermittent-persistent snow transition     

Hannah N. Harrison  John C. Hammond  Stephanie Kampf  Leonie Kiewiet 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14411

Because of the importance of snow for river discharge in mountain regions, hydrological research often focuses on seasonally snow-covered zones. However, in many basins the majority of the land surface area is intermittently snow-covered. Discharge monitoring in these areas is less common, so their contributions to downstream rivers remain largely unknown. We evaluated hydrological differences between three intermittently snow-covered (mean annual Jan 1–Jul 3 snow persistence <60%) and two seasonally snow-covered headwater catchments in the Colorado Front Range. We compared water balance variables to evaluate how and why discharge differs between the snow zones and estimated the relative contributions from each snow zone to regional river discharge. We focused on water years 2016–2019 and used a combination of in situ sensors and regional climate datasets. Annual discharge from the intermittent snow zone was low for all three catchments (10–77 mm), despite covering a wide range in annual snow persistence (25%–64%), whereas annual discharge from the seasonal snow zone was up to 73 times higher. Soil moisture in the seasonal snow zone was above field capacity for longer periods of time than in the intermittent snow zone, and the intermittent snow zone was uniquely subject to soil freezing (up to 102 days per year). For most of the year, potential evapotranspiration exceeded rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the intermittent snow zone, but was lower than rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the seasonal snow zone. This is likely a primary driver of the differences in soil moisture and discharge for catchments with a seasonal versus intermittent snow cover. Despite the large difference in discharge between these two snow zones, the intermittent snow zone contributed about a quarter of the discharge in the regional river, highlighting the importance of studying discharge generation across all elevations.  相似文献   

2002年夏季气候及汛期实时预测与检验   总被引：12，自引：8，他引：4  

林朝晖  孙建华  卫捷  周广庆  张小玲  陈红  郎咸梅 《气候与环境研究》2003,8(3):241-257

简要介绍了中国科学院大气物理研究所2002年汛期预测的结果.作者首先利用IAP ENSO预测系统,较好地预测出2002年夏季将有一个强度偏弱的El Nno事件发生;IAP动力学气候预测系统(IAP DCP-Ⅱ)的跨季度预测结果则表明2002年夏季我国华北和东北大部将持续干旱少雨,长江下游和南方大部地区降水较常年偏多;在数值预测的基础上,结合其他的动力统计预测方法,最终得到中国科学院大气物理研究所2002年夏季旱涝趋势的跨季度集成预测结果.与实况比较表明,IAP DCP-Ⅱ预测和集成预报均较好地预测出我国夏季旱涝的大范围形势分布,特别是动力数值预测的效果在我国东部略优于集成预测.至于汛期(6～8月)每天的天气分析研究和数值天气预报,则表明国内外现有的中高分辨率数值天气预报模式均有很好的预测能力,并给出了我国长江流域和华北地区2002年持续性降水的天气学模型.  相似文献   

Analysis of the Structure of the Temperature Field in Relation to the Persistent Snowy and Cold Weather in South China in Early 2008          下载免费PDF全文

ZENG Mingjian  LU Weisong  LIANG Xinzhong  WU Haiying  PU Meijuan  YIN Dongping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2010,24(4):510-520

In early 2008, a persistent cold and snowy weather process occurred in South China. Severe freezing rain (FR) and blizzards hit the region, which was not seen in the past 50 years. This work studied the disaster at its most severe stage (25 January-2 February 2008) and addressed the reason for the occurrence of three rainfall types and particularly the FR that resulted from the temperature inversion and low surface temperature. Evidence suggests that the south-to-north distribution of rainfall, FR, and snowfall was determined by the surface temperature conditions and the stratification features of the northward-tilting front in the mid-lower troposphere over different parts of South China. Under the above frontal conditions,the temperature inversion in the mid-lower troposphere and the cold ground temperature took place and the FR formed. The temperature layer (> 0°C) inside the inversion in this region depended on necessary intensity, depth, and height of the inversion, i.e., the depth of the inversion can be neither too thick or low nor too thin or high. For those too thick and low (too thin and high) inversions, the precipitation fell as rain (snow and ice pellets). In the early 2008 case, the 0-6°C layer occupied 650-850 hPa, below which was the sub-freezing level with temperature < 0°C. With the presence of the low sub-freezing level, FR or ice damage could occur even at the 0-1°C surface temperature condition. Besides, even in the absence of a suitable inversion, a low ground temperature might have made ice-covered water and supercooled drops or water from melted ice freeze rapidly into ice at the surface, and the ground ice maintained and accumulated,which resulted in the severe disaster.  相似文献   

2009年2—3月我国南方连阴雨天气过程分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

潘旸  李建  廖捷  沈艳  徐宾  张洪政 《气象》2010,36(3):39-46

利用JRA-25再分析资料分析了2009年2—3月我国南方一次连阴雨过程的环流背景,以及该时期西太平洋副高和副热带西风急流的异常活动,并计算了降水区域内的水汽收支。结果表明:(1)这次过程中,欧亚大陆上空阻塞形势稳定,我国北方地区长期由槽后脊前的西北气流控制,而在中低纬地区,西太平洋副高稳定在菲律宾海上空,加强了南方地区对流层中低层的西南风。这种环流形势使得北方干冷空气和南方暖湿气流在长江流域长时间对峙,形成了稳定的准静止锋,是影响这次连阴雨过程的主要天气系统。(2)对流层高层的副热带西风急流异常偏北,急流轴入口处南侧的辐散环流与低层西南气流北侧的气旋性辐合环流相配合,在长江流域上空形成利于降水发展和维持的动力结构。(3)偏北的西太平洋副高伴随着反气旋性环流异常,其西边缘的偏南风造成了来自西太平洋及南海低纬地区至我国南方的偏南风水汽输送支异常,它主导的经向水汽输送是造成主降水区水汽通量辐合的重要原因,对降水发展和维持的影响更为显著。  相似文献   

Stream response to precipitation variability: a spectral view based on analysis and modelling of hydrological cycle components          下载免费PDF全文

D. Markovic  M. Koch 《水文研究》2015,29(7):1806-1816

Hydrological processes commonly exhibit long‐term persistence, also known as the ‘Hurst phenomenon’. Here, we examine long‐term precipitation and streamflow time series from the Elbe River Basin to quantify differences in the spectral properties and in the Hurst parameter estimates () of the individual hydrological cycle components. Precipitation‐runoff modelling is performed for the Elbe River sub‐catchment Striegis using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). For 38 daily 50 years long streamflow time series from the Elbe River Basin, baseflow separation and spectral analysis is performed. The results show a spectral shift towards low‐frequency scales (>2 years) from precipitation to baseflow, with a parallel increase of from 0.52 (precipitation) to 0.65 (baseflow). The SWAT model is able to reproduce both, the main low‐frequency mode (≈7 yr.) and the (0.62) of the observed Striegis River flow time series. The baseflow appears to be the main component which shapes the low‐frequency response and of streamflow in the Elbe River Basin to the input precipitation. This conclusion is further confirmed through PMWIN‐MODFLOW groundwater modelling of a hypothetic phreatic stream‐connected aquifer system that consists of various soils (sand, loamy sand and silt). A power shift towards lower frequencies and an increase of for the hydraulic heads is obtained, as the aquifer's lateral dimensions increase and its hydraulic conductivity decreases. The average of the groundwater heads is 0.80, 0.90 and 1.0 for sand, loamy sand and silt aquifers, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Summer Persistence Barrier of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Central Western North Pacific     

ZHAO Xi  LI Jianping  ZHANG Wenjun 《大气科学进展》2012,29(6):1159-1173

The persistence barrier of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs) in the North Pacific was investigated and compared with the ENSO spring persistence barrier.The results show that SSTAs in the central western North Pacific(CWNP) have a persistence barrier in summer:the persistence of SSTAs in the CWNP shows a significant decline in summer regardless of the starting month.Mechanisms of the summer persistence barrier in the CWNP are different from those of the spring persistence barrier of SSTAs in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific.The phase locking of SSTAs to the annual cycle does not explain the CWNP summer persistence barrier.Remote ENSO forcing has little linear influence on the CWNP summer persistence barrier,compared with local upper-ocean process and atmospheric forcing in the North Pacific.Starting in wintertime,SSTAs extend down to the deep winter mixed layer then become sequestered beneath the shallow summer mixed layer,which is decoupled from the surface layer.Thus,wintertime SSTAs do not persist through the following summer.Starting in summertime,persistence of summer SSTAs until autumn can be explained by the atmospheric forcing through a positive SSTAs-cloud/radiation feedback mechanism because the shallow summertime mixed layer is decoupled from the temperature anomalies at depth,then the following autumn-winter-spring,SSTAs persist.Thus,summer SSTAs in the CWNP have a long persistence,showing a significant decline in the following summer.In this way,SSTAs in the CWNP show a persistence barrier in summer regardless of the starting month.  相似文献