Relationships between glacier and rock glacier in the Maritime Alps, Schiantala Valley, Italy     

Adriano Ribolini  Alessandro Chelli  Mauro Guglielmin  Marta Pappalardo 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(3):353-363

In the Schiantala Valley of the Maritime Alps, the relationship between a till-like body and a contiguous rock glacier has been analyzed using geomorphologic, geoelectric and ice-petrographic methodologies. DC resistivity tomographies undertaken in the till and in the rock glacier show the presence of buried massive ice and ice-rich sediments, respectively. Ice samples from a massive ice outcrop show spherical gas inclusions and equidimensional ice crystals that are randomly orientated, confirming the typical petrographic characteristics of sedimentary ice. The rock glacier formation began after a phase of glacier expansion about 2550 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP. Further ice advance during the Little Ice Age (LIA) overrode the rock glacier root and caused partial shrinkage of the pre-existing permafrost. Finally, during the 19th and 20th centuries, the glacial surface became totally debris covered. Geomorphological and geophysical methods combined with analyses of ice structure and fabric can effectively interpret the genesis of landforms in an environment where glaciers and permafrost interact. Ice petrography proved especially useful for differentiating ice of past glaciers versus ice formed under permafrost conditions. These two mechanisms of ice formation are common in the Maritime Alps where many sites of modern rock glaciers were formerly occupied by LIA glaciers.  相似文献   

Study on the physical disintegration characteristics of Subang claystone subjected to a modified slaking index test   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

I. A.?SadisunEmail author  H.?Shimada  M.?Ichinose  K.?Matsui 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2005,23(3):199-218

Some instability problems were found on natural or engineered slopes mostly lying on Subang claystones. The instability problems included excessive erosion, slumps and rock falls. The field performance surveys of the problems suggested that the claystones physically weather rapidly so that the rock properties they exhibit during excavation often change to properties with a more characteristic of soil. Such a phenomenon is generally known as a slaking process. In order to gain better understanding about the slaking of Subang claystones, a series of experimental laboratory studies were carried out involving a modified slaking index test. Claystone samples used in this study were obtained from their exposures along the Northern West Java area of Indonesia. Petrographic analysis was correspondingly performed to identify mineral and texture/fabric, and in turn, to determine the inherent factors of the rocks which might affect the slaking process. The stssudy results indicated that the claystones were characterized by high to very high slaking properties having a maximum slaking index (I_s) of 57.4% and a mean I_s of 43.8%. Major dispersion slaking on sample surfaces and high cracking in response to excessive swelling were recognized as main slaking modes within the claystones. All samples lose progressively less material through the five wet–dry cycles of a slaking index test, indicating a decelerated slaking rate. It was evident that the main inherent factors controlling the slaking process were expandable clay mineral smectite, non-clay mineral pyrite and soluble mineral calcite. Moreover, a quite important of inherent bonding material and stress release energy in the slaking characteristics of the claystones was revealed by a closure phase of an initial hairline crack during unloading.  相似文献   

Petrographic characteristics and depositional conditions of Permian coals of Pench, Kanhan, and Tawa Valley Coalfields of Satpura Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India     

Mahendra P. Singh  R.Rakesh Shukla 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2004,59(3-4):209-243

This paper attempts to characterize the coals of Satpura Gondwana basin using a large number of pillar coal samples drawn from the working coal mines of Pench, Kanhan, and Tawa (Pathakhera) Valley Coalfields of this basin. This westernmost Gondwana basin of Peninsular India is graben/half-graben type and occupies an area of 12 000 km² with sedimentary fills (>5000 m) ranging in age from Permian to Cretaceous. The Barakar Formation (Permian) is exclusively coal-bearing with a total coal reserve of nearly 2000 Mt. The results show that the coals of this basin are equally rich in inertinite (22.8–58.7%, 24.5–62.0% mmf basis) and vitrinite (24.4–52.4%, 24.4–56.0% mmf basis). The concentration of liptinite ranges from 8.8% to 23.2% (9.0–26.0% mmf basis). The dominant microlithotypes of these coals are inertite and vitrite with comparatively low concentrations of vitrinertite and clarite. The vitrinite reflectance (Rom% values) suggests that the Pench Valley (0.30–0.58%) coals are subbituminous C to high volatile C bituminous in rank, while the Kanhan and Tawa Valley coals (0.52–0.92%) are subbituminous A to high volatile A bituminous in rank. The localized enhancement of rank in the latter two basins has been attributed to the extraneous heat flow from deep-seated igneous intrusions in the basin. The microlithotype composition of these coals is suggestive of their evolution in limno-telmatic zones, under fluvio-lacustrine control with the development of upper deltaic and lower deltaic conditions near the fresh water lacustrines. The floral input is characteristic of forest swamps with intermittent floods, leading to the development of reed moor and open moor facies, particularly in the Pench Valley basin. The Gelification Index (GI) and Tissue Preservation Index (TPI) are suggestive of terrestrial origin with high tree density. Further, moderately high GI and exceedingly high telovitrinite based TPI along with high ash content, particularly for the coals of Kanhan and Tawa Valley Coalfields, are indicative of the recurrence of drier conditions in the forested swamps. Furthermore, lateral variation in TPI values is indicative of increase in the rate of subsidence vis-à-vis depth of the basin from east to west (Pench to Tawa Valley Coalfield). The Ground Water Index (GWI) suggests that these coals have evolved in mires under ombotrophic to mesotrophic hydrological conditions. The Vegetation Index (VI) values are indicative of the dominance of herbaceous plants in the formation of Pench Valley coals and comparatively better forest input in the formation of Kanhan and Tawa Valley coals.  相似文献   

Petrographic Discrimination of Low- and High-Temperature I-type Granites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Allan J. R. White  Bruce W. Chappell 《Resource Geology》2004,54(3):215-226

Abstract. The existence of two groups of I-type granites, those formed at relatively low- and high-temperatures, has been established using differences in zircon saturation and patterns of bulk compositional variation between those two groups. Granites of these two groups also show some distinctive petrographic differences. The clearest petrographic distinction between the low- and high-temperature granites is seen in the crystals of plagioclase. In all but the most felsic low-temperature granites these crystals are always complex and commonly have corroded cores, which may be as calcic as An₈₀. Core compositions are fairly uniform in composition compared with the outer parts, which display normal and oscillatory zones of varying widths. In the high-temperature granites the crystals of plagioclase are generally better-shaped with a uniform composition and lack the prominent corroded cores of the low-temperature granites. These differences are due to the fact that homogenization of plagioclase proceeds very slowly at low magmatic temperatures.  相似文献   

变质锆石成因的岩相学研究——高级变质岩U-Pb年龄解释的基本依据   总被引：50，自引：3，他引：50  

简平  程裕淇  刘敦一 《地学前缘》2001,8(3):183-191

岩相学在研究高级变质岩 (含深熔片麻岩 )的锆石中起着重要的作用 ,其内容主要包括锆石的形貌和表面特征 ,锆石在岩石中的赋存状态 ,与主晶的关系和内部结构等方面。基于大别山地区的一些榴辉岩相岩石、麻粒岩相岩石和片麻状花岗质岩石中锆石的研究 ,阐述了继承锆石、变质锆石、深熔锆石、变质增生、深熔增生和后期流体改造的基本岩相学特征。结合大别山地区的 4个实例 ,说明了高级变质岩中锆石的岩相学研究方法和步骤 ,并初步提出了高级变质岩锆石U -Pb年龄解释的岩相学标志。  相似文献   

Channel sediment variability along a river: A case study of the Siret River (Romania)     

I. Ichim  M. Radoane 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(3):211-225

The Siret River has the largest drainage basin (42 274 km²) in Romania. It gathers all the rivers from the eastern part of the Eastern Carpathians, a fact that causes marked asymmetry of the basin. This study is principally concerned with changes in the form of the longitudinal profile and the grain size variability introduced by the Carpathian tributaries. Channel sediment analyses considered the petrography, granulometry, and morphometry of the pebbles, relating these to the river bed and floodplain geometry and to some properties of the drainage basin. The following conclusions arise. The Siret River undergoes an intense regrading of its longitudinal profile, with marked aggradation between transects 24 and 26 (see Figures 1 and 2). This reflects selective accumulation of coarse material due to the massive contribution of the Carpathian tributaries. This phenomenon has been continuous throughout the Holocene, resulting in the gravel sheet formation of the Pericarpathian piedmont.  相似文献   

Eruptive history and petrology of Mount Drum volcano,Wrangell Mountains,Alaska     

D. H. Richter  E. J. Moll-Stalcup  T. P. Miller  M. A. Lanphere  G. B. Dalrymple  R. L. Smith 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(1):29-46

Mount Drum is one of the youngest volcanoes in the subduction-related Wrangell volcanic field (80×200 km) of southcentral Alaska. It lies at the northwest end of a series of large, andesite-dominated shield volcanoes that show a northwesterly progression of age from 26 Ma near the Alaska-Yukon border to about 0.2 Ma at Mount Drum. The volcano was constructed between 750 and 250 ka during at least two cycles of cone building and ring-dome emplacement and was partially destroyed by violent explosive activity probably after 250 ka. Cone lavas range from basaltic andesite to dacite in composition; ring-domes are dacite to rhyolite. The last constructional activity occurred in the vicinity of Snider Peak, on the south flank of the volcano, where extensive dacite flows and a dacite dome erupted at about 250 ka. The climactic explosive eruption, that destroyed the top and a part of the south flank of the volcano, produced more than 7 km³ of proximal hot and cold avalanche deposits and distal mudflows. The Mount Drum rocks have medium-K, calc-alkaline affinities and are generally plagioclase phyric. Silica contents range from 55.8 to 74.0 wt%, with a compositional gap between 66.8 and 72.8 wt%. All the rocks are enriched in alkali elements and depleted in Ta relative to the LREE, typical of volcanic arc rocks, but have higher MgO contents at a given SiO₂, than typical orogenic medium-K andesites. Strontium-isotope ratios vary from 0.70292 to 0.70353. The compositional range of Mount Drum lavas is best explained by a combination of diverse parental magmas, magma mixing, and fractionation. The small, but significant, range in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in the basaltic andesites and the wide range of incompatible-element ratios exhibited by the basaltic andesites and andesites suggests the presence of compositionally diverse parent magmas. The lavas show abundant petrographic evidence of magma mixing, such as bimodal phenocryst size, resorbed phenocrysts, reaction rims, and disequilibrium mineral assemblages. In addition, some dacites and andesites contain Mg and Ni-rich olivines and/or have high MgO, Cr, Ni, Co, and Sc contents that are not in equilibrium with the host rock and indicate mixing between basalt or cumulate material and more evolved magmas. Incompatible element variations suggest that fractionation is responsible for some of the compositional range between basaltic andesite and dacite, but the rhyolites have K, Ba, Th, and Rb contents that are too low for the magmas to be generated by fractionation of the intermediate rocks. Limited Sr-isotope data support the possibility that the rhyolites may be partial melts of underlying volcanic rocks. Received March 13, 1993/Accepted September 10, 1993  相似文献   

Lacustrine Sedimentary Organic Matter Records of Late Quaternary Paleoclimates   总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32  

Philip A. Meyers  Elisabeth Lallier-vergés 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(3):345-372

Identification of the sources of organic matter in sedimentary records provides important paleolimnologic information. As the types and abundances of plant life in and around lakes change, the composition and amount of organic matter delivered to lake sediments changes. Despite the extensive early diagenetic losses of organic matter in general and of some of its important biomarker compounds in particular, bulk identifiers of organic matter sources appear to undergo minimal alteration after sedimentation. Age-related changes in the elemental, isotopic, and petrographic compositions of bulk sedimentary organic matter therefore preserve evidence of past environmental changes.We review different bulk organic matter proxies of climate change in tropical and temperate sedimentary records ranging in age from 10-500 ka. Times of wetter climate result in enhanced algal productivity in lakes as a consequence of greater wash-in of soil nutrients, and these periods are recorded as elevated Rock-Eval hydrogen indices, lowered organic C/N ratios, less negative organic 13C values, and increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates. Lowering of lake water levels, which typically depresses algal productivity, can also cause an apparent increase in organic carbon mass accumulation rates through suspension of sediments from lake margins and redeposition in deeper basins. Alternations between C3 and C4 watershed plants accompany climate changes such as glacial/interglacial transitions and wet/dry cycles, and these changes in land-plant types are evident in 13C values of organic matter in lake sediments. Changes in climate-driven hydrologic balances of lakes are recorded in D values of sedimentary organic matter. Visual microscopic examination of organic matter detritus is particularly useful in identifying changes in bulk organic matter delivery to lake sediments and therefore is important as an indicator of climate changes.  相似文献   

Organic geochemistry and petrography of Tertiary coals and carbonaceous shales from Argentina     

Hctor J. Villar  Wilhelm Püttmann  Monika Wolf 《Organic Geochemistry》1988,13(4-6)

A series of eight Tertiary coal and carbonaceous shale samples with vitrinite reflectance values between 0.50 and 0.58% were extracted, fractionated and the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons analysed for characteristic components by GC and GC-MS. Additionally, a microscopical study was undertaken in order to obtain a more precise picture of the samples under investigation.The saturated hydrocarbon fractions displayed the typical n-alkane distribution for coals of this rank, with CPI values between 2.0 and 3.1. Among the branched/cyclic compounds, pristane and α, β-homohopane were recognised as relevant components pointing to an oxic depositional environment. Detection of benzohopanes (C₃₂–C₃₅) in the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions suggests that bacteriohopanetetrol was a significant constituent of the coal biomass. Taking into consideration the Pr/Ph ratios, ash contents and microscopical characteristics of the samples, aspects of the possible degradation of hopanetetrol to homohopane are discussed. Resin-derived diterpenoids with the phyllocladane and kaurane skeleton were tentatively identified and, although minor compounds, they are interpreted to be a sign of the contribution of Podocarpaceae and Araucareaceae to the coal swamp.Aromatic compounds were dominated by alkylnaphthalene derivatives, presumably formed by C-ring cleavage and aromatisation of higher plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenois, which were main components in the high-boiling range of the fractions investigated. Angiosperms (especially Fagaceae) are postulated as source for these polycyclic compounds and, hence, for some of the polyalkylated aromatic bicyclics detected.  相似文献   

东昆仑造山带东段清水泉高级变质岩片的变质岩石学研究   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文

陈能松  朱杰  王国灿  侯光久  张克信  朱云海  拜永山 《地球科学》1999,24(2):116-120

清水泉高级变质岩片位于东昆仑造山带东段昆中多旋回俯冲碰撞构造混杂岩带内,由高角闪岩相—麻粒岩相变质的麻粒岩、斜长角闪岩、片麻岩、变粒岩和大理岩组成,地球化学特征显示为一套形成于后太古宙以来的火山－沉积岩系．顶峰期典型矿物共生组合为石榴石＋蓝晶石＋钾长石＋斜长石＋黑云母＋石英＋金红石和石榴石＋紫苏辉石＋斜长石＋石英,属中压相系,变质温度压力条件为（８５０±５０）℃和高于１．０ＧＰａ．石榴石中ｘ（Ｓｐｓ）成分剖面平坦,近边缘略为上升,ｘ（Ａｌｍ）,ｘ（Ｐｙｒ）和ｘ（Ｇｒｓ）仍保留了较好的生长环带特点．ｐ－ｔ轨迹为顺时针型,记录了古－中元古代之交或晋宁运动期间强烈的碰撞构造事件．  相似文献