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51.
Mountain Lake is the only natural lake of significance in the unglaciated southern Appalachian Highlands. It is located near the summit of Salt Pond Mountain, Giles County Virginia, at an elevation of 1177 m. It is underlain by Ordovician and Silurian non‐calcareous shale and sandstone of the Martinsburg, Juniata and Clinch formations. Historical (250 years) and sediment (6000 years) records suggest that the size of the lake has varied periodically. In the 1930s lake origin was proposed as due to valley damming by a lateral landslide (Hutchinson and Pickford, 1932) or damming by scree (Sharp, 1933). A later theory modified the landslide hypothesis to the primarily vertical collapse of a canyon feature in the Clinch (Parker et al., 1975). Fracture trace analysis now reveals a regional lineation feature associated with the lake. This feature is present surficially both downgradient from the lake to the northwest, and upgradient to the southeast. Sonar bathymetry and diver reconnaissance show it expressed as a (relatively sediment‐free) narrow open crevice in the deepest (33 m) portion of the lake, probably a fault. Hydrologic observation and resistivity suggest preferential water movement along this fracture, as well as leakage directly from the lake. The present study suggests conduit erosion within this feature and periodic vertical downsettling of overlying Clinch material as the primary mechanism of lake origin and water‐level fluctuations through time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The effects of the burrowing activity of river crabs on subsurface water movement and piping erosion were studied through a flume experiment. Cohesive field soil was used and constant fluvial head was applied. During the experiments with river crabs, burrows were excavated downwards under the groundwater level. At the outlet of each burrow, the crabs excavated pellets of soil and stacked them in piles, in the form of cone mounds. These mounds acted as effective dams for subsurface outflow, but they sometimes collapsed. The roofs of the burrows also caved in occasionally, whereby the crabs would excavate new burrows. The burrowing activity of the crabs led to marked erosion. In contrast, no marked erosion was observed in experiments without crabs, indicating that piping erosion occurs through the assistance of burrowing activity. It was observed that burrowing activity and piping erosion was pronounced when the hydraulic head was not significantly high (0.21–0.25). Analysis of the potential distribution of the soil mass indicated that the head loss close to the burrow was small in the case of experiments with crabs. This suggests that the burrow enhances rapid discharge of subsurface water. Consequently, burrowing activity was found to play an important role in piping erosion and rapid discharge of subsurface water. 相似文献
53.
关于矩形基坑中突涌问题的分析与探讨 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
从分析基坑中发生突涌的机制出发,运用弹性薄板理论,探讨了在不满足压力平衡条件下进行施工时,基坑突涌的验算问题,推导出判别矩形基坑是否由于剪切破坏或挠曲破坏而发生突泽的判别式。 相似文献
54.
CAI Qiangguo WANG Guiping Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Science Beijing Shanxi Institute of Soil Water Conservation Lishi Shanxi Province 《国际泥沙研究》1993,(3)
I. INTRODUCTIONSumming up recent research achievements, Huang (1993) pointed out that the capaciucs ordetachment and transport by rill now were much greater than tboso by rain drop impact and sheet now. soil erosion by water on upper slope area is frcquenhy discussed interms of interrill and rill erosional sub--processes. Compared with rill erosion, interrlll erosion contributes a very small proportion to the sediment transported downwards (Foster,1982). Field experiments conducted by Ca… 相似文献
56.
管涌对堤防工程的危害极为严重,人类对管涌的认识也逐渐加深。目前,对管涌破坏开始的条件及其破坏后通道贯通的后果了解较多,然而,因其破坏及发展机制的复杂性,对于管涌发生后涌砂及流量的研究并不深入。通过自行设计的室内模型,改变上覆黏土的厚度对3组土性相同的无黏性土试样进行试验。对测压管水头、通道范围、涌砂量和流量等进行对比分析,研究孔隙率、渗透系数以及流量的变化规律,发现涌砂随时间变化满足非线性关系--Boltzmann模型。最后,利用渗透系数与孔隙率以及孔隙率与累计涌砂量的关系,推导并验证了流量随时间变化的理论公式。这对于认识管涌和有效控制管涌发展以及减灾避难有着非常重要的意义。 相似文献
57.
管涌与滤层的研究:管涌部分 总被引:19,自引:5,他引:14
对管涌和滤层两个相关联问题的研究发展过程进行了综述和评论,并将过去的研究成果与之比较。管涌问题是土体渗透变形的一个重要现象,关系到地基的渗流破坏。首先探讨了管涌的内在涵义,评述了当今管涌的研究现状及其发展方向,然后介绍了一些过去的试验资料、研究成果和计算公式,包括管涌土与非管涌土的判别方法,垂直向上渗流和水平渗流时的管涌临界坡降,并引用目前文献中的试验资料验证其公式是可靠的,最后说明了建立在土颗粒级配曲线上的管涌研究方法是当前的研究趋势,因而对这些过去的研究成果进行比较、讨论是有益的。 相似文献
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This paper presents a computational method able to effectively model both the simultaneous processes typically observed in backward erosion piping, ie, the pipe tip propagation and the conduit cross-section enlargement. The numerical method is based on the novel formulation of a problem of localized erosion along a line propagating in a multidimensional porous medium. In this line, a conduit with evolving transverse size is embedded, which conveys a multiphase flow. The two systems, porous medium and pipe, are bridged by exchange terms of multiphase fluid mass and by a shared fluid pressure field. On the contrary, different fields are considered to describe flows, which are assumed as Darcian in the porous medium and turbulent in the conduit. These two flows drive pipe propagation and enlargement, respectively, as modeled by means of proper erosion kinetic laws. The corresponding numerical formulation is based on the combination between one- and multidimensional finite elements, to model the erosion conduit and the porous medium, respectively. Several simulations are proposed to demonstrate the ability of the proposed approach in reproducing available experimental data of real-scale tests on levees. Our results point out the crucial role played by the combined influence of pipe propagation and enlargement, as well as of three-dimensional (3D) effects. We also assess the mesh independence of the proposed numerical solution, particularly as concerns the calculated pipe propagation history. 相似文献