Sedimentary processes controlling ultralong cells of littoral transport: Placer formation and termination of the Orange sand highway in southern Angola     

《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):431-460

This study focuses on the causes, modalities and obstacles of sediment transfer in the longest cell of littoral sand drift documented on Earth so far. Sand derived from the Orange River is dragged by swell waves and persistent southerly winds to accumulate in four successive dunefields in coastal Namibia to Angola. All four dunefields are terminated by river valleys, where aeolian sand is flushed back to the ocean; and yet sediment transport continues at sea, tracing an 1800 km long submarine sand highway. Sand drift would extend northward to beyond the Congo if the shelf did not become progressively narrower in southern Angola, where drifting sand is funnelled towards oceanic depths via canyon heads connected to river mouths. Garnet–magnetite placers are widespread along this coastal stretch, indicating systematic loss of the low‐density feldspatho‐quartzose fraction to the deep ocean. More than half of Moçamedes Desert sand is derived from the Orange River, and the rest in similar proportions from the Cunene River and from the Swakop and other rivers draining the Damara Orogen in Namibia. The Orange fingerprint, characterized by basaltic rock fragments, clinopyroxene grains and bimodal zircon‐age spectra with peaks at ca 0·5 Ga and ca 1·0 Ga, is lost abruptly at Namibe, and beach sands further north have abundant feldspar, amphibole‐epidote suites and unimodal zircon‐age spectra with a peak at ca 2·0 Ga, documenting local provenance from Palaeoproterozoic basement. Along with this oblique‐rifted continental margin, beach placers are dominated by Fe–Ti–Cr oxides with more monazite than garnet and thus have a geochemical signature sharply different from beach placers found all the way along the Orange littoral cell. High‐resolution mineralogical studies allow us to trace sediment dispersal over distances of thousands of kilometres, providing essential information for the correct reconstruction of ‘source to sink’ relationships in hydrocarbon exploration and to predict the long‐term impact of man‐made infrastructures on coastal sediment budgets.  相似文献   

Physical controls on sand composition and relative durability of detrital minerals during ultra‐long distance littoral and aeolian transport (Namibia and southern Angola)          下载免费PDF全文

Eduardo Garzanti  Alberto Resentini  Sergio Andò  Giovanni Vezzoli  Alcides Pereira  Pieter Vermeesch 《Sedimentology》2015,62(4):971-996

Sediment in coastal Namibia to southern Angola is supplied dominantly from the Orange River with minor additional fluvial input and negligible modifications by chemical processes, which makes this a great test case for investigating physical controls on sand texture and composition. This study monitored textural, mineralogical and geochemical variability in beach and aeolian‐dune sands along a ca 1750 km stretch of the Atlantic coast of southern Africa by using an integrated set of techniques, including image analysis, laser granulometry, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and bulk‐sediment geochemistry. These results contrast with previous reports that feldspars and volcanic detritus break down during transport, that sand grains are rounded rapidly in shallow‐marine environments, and that quartzose sands may be produced by physical processes. Mechanical wear is unable to modify the relative abundance of detrital components, including pyroxene and mafic volcanic rock fragments traditionally believed to be destroyed rapidly. The sole exceptions are poorly lithified or cleaved sedimentary/metasedimentary rock fragments, readily lost at the transition to the marine environment, and slow‐settling flaky micas, winnowed and deposited offshore. Coastal sediments tend to be depleted in relatively mobile amphibole, preferentially entrained offshore or re‐deposited in sheltered beaches, while less mobile garnet is retained onshore. No detrital mineral displays a significant increase in grain roundness after 300 to 350 km of longshore transport in high‐energy littoral environments from the Orange mouth to south of the Namib Erg, but all minerals get rapidly rounded after passing into the dunefield. Pyroxene and opaques get rounded faster than harder quartz and garnet, but sand mineralogy remains unchanged. Excepting strong transient selective‐entrainment effects, physical processes are unable to modify sand composition significantly. Selective mechanical breakdown can be largely neglected in quantitative provenance analysis of sand and sandstone even in the case of ultra‐long‐distance transport in high‐energy environments dominated by strong persistent winds and waves.  相似文献   

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锆钛砂矿中铪钛锆   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

赵庆令  李清彩 《岩矿测试》2013,32(6):883-886

锆钛砂矿是一种极难消解的矿物,除氢氟酸外,几乎不溶于所有的酸,由于矿物中铪、钛、锆含量高,而铪、钛、锆又易水解形成难溶的偏铪酸、偏钛酸、偏锆酸析出,样品前处理给定量分析带来很大困难。传统的化学法繁琐费时,且只能进行锆(铪)合量的分析。本文建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定锆钛砂矿样品中铪、钛、锆的方法。通过筛选四种溶矿方法,确定在刚玉坩埚中用过氧化钠于700℃时熔融样品,硝酸-EDTA浸取盐分前处理矿物,利用EDTA的强络合性质可使铪、钛、锆形成稳定的可溶络合物,制备出有代表性的样品溶液;在ICP-AES分析中,采用Re作为内标和大的高频功率消除了基体效应的影响。方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)低于1.3%,Hf、Ti、Zr的检出限分别为0.97 μg/g、0.86 μg/g、0.33 μg/g。实际样品的测定值与化学分析方法和X射线荧光光谱法的测定结果基本吻合。。本方法采用刚玉坩埚熔矿,提高了样品处理数量,降低了分析成本,适用于难熔锆钛砂矿样品的快速定量分析。  相似文献   

基于重砂鉴定技术的火山岩锆石精选与测年方法关系探讨     

马慧英  孙海清  罗来  马铁球 《华南地质与矿产》2014,(3):187-193

针对中浅变质沉凝灰岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄分散幅度较大的现状,在湘中地区碧溪长安组底部凝灰岩几次采集样品测年不成功的情况下再次取样,通过室内重砂样品加工分选等工序,利用立体显微镜和偏光显微镜对锆石进行详细的矿物学特征对比分析,确定样品是否有来自不同时代、不同成因或不同地质背景的锆石。将精选出的锆石进行再次分选,分离成两组样品送往测年,采用LA-ICP-MSU-Pb法测得同沉积期的火山岩岩浆成因锆石年龄751±5 Ma和构造岩浆热事件年龄431.3±4.3 Ma,两组年龄数据与区域地质事实吻合。由此认为对此类样品的锆石进行成因、形态与光学性质等方面的综合分析研究,将混合锆石进行分组,有助于同位素测年数据的有效集中,保证测年数据精度。本文研究表明重砂精细分析鉴定是同位素精准定年的基础。  相似文献   

Erosion and Accretion of a Placer Mining Beach of SW Indian Coast     

K. Rajith  N. P. Kurian  K. V. Thomas  T. N. Prakash  T. S. S. Hameed 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(2):128-142

The erosion/accretion pattern in a placer mining beach on the southwest Indian coast was monitored for five years to study the role of different driving forces. The beach has maximum width during the fair weather months and least in the rough monsoon months. Apart from hydrodynamic processes, sand mining and presence of sea wall are found to be the driving forces for erosion/accretion. Impact of sand mining is not felt on the beach when the mining is within an optimum level, equivalent to the natural replenishment. It is concluded that, though sand mining will cause erosion in the innershelf, the time taken for a measurable impact can be long if the mining volumes are much less than the annual volume changes.  相似文献   

遥感技术在西藏砂金资源潜力评价中的应用     

李建力  张廷斌  徐志忠  别小娟  边巴次仁  赵波  胡紫豪  杨雪 《地理空间信息》2012,(2):41-43

西藏自治区砂金开采历史悠久,已查明的砂金矿点数量众多、分布广泛,砂金矿资源丰富,但是大部分区域地质工作程度较低。遥感技术为短期内有效地开展砂金的资源潜力评价工作起到了重要作用。以崩纳藏布砂金预测工作区为例,介绍了遥感技术在西藏砂金矿成矿预测中的工作内容、方法和成果。  相似文献   

New insights into mineralogy and geochemistry of allanite-bearing Mediterranean coastal sands from Northern Greece     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2019,79(2):247-267

Allanite-bearing black coastal sands of Kavala (N. Greece) were studied using a combination of single-crystal XRD, EMPA, μ-XRF, bulk ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, μ-XANES and γ-ray spectrometry. The sands are rich in REE (ΣREE + Y: 4010 to 10,810 mg/kg), Th (236–1205 mg/kg) and other critical metals such as Nb, Ta and Co. The main REE- and Th-hosts are allanite and titanite. The allanite unit cell parameters were calculated whereas its formula was found to be (REE_0.470Ca_1.499Th_0.031) (Ti_0.031Fe⁺³_1.089Al_1.880) (Si_2.906Al_0.094O₁₂) (OH). The μ-XANES spectra showed that LREE are present in trivalent oxidation state. Analyses of the non-magnetic sand fractions showed higher LREE (12,470 mg/kg) due to accumulation of allanite. The materials showed elevated radioactivity ranging from 885 ± 13 to 3467 ± 20 Bq/kg. The obtained results provide new insights on the provenance of the sands, the abundance of REE, Th, and other immobile elements, and offer new clues for potential exploration and exploitation.  相似文献   

海南岛周边浅海砂矿资源潜力浅析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

潘燕俊  崔汝勇  林明坤  陈飞  胡邦琦 《海洋通报》2017,36(4):458-467

海南岛拥有全国最为丰富的滨海锆钛砂矿资源,然而,随着长期大规模矿产的开发,陆域滨海砂矿资源已日渐枯竭。海南岛四面环海,海岸线漫长,多为砂质海岸,沙滩宽广,特别有利于海洋砂矿的形成。本文总结了近年来海南岛周边浅海砂矿资源勘查现状和勘查成果,分析了区内砂矿的地质特征,从物源、气候与水动力条件、海岸类型与地貌类型、第四纪沉积作用和海平面变化等5个方面综合分析砂矿的成矿条件,阐述了浅海砂矿的成矿控制因素。在此基础上,结合历史调查资料,从成矿的有利因素进行系统分析,认为万宁市东澳南后海至田头港一带、东方感城至乐东莺歌海一带、文昌铺前湾至景心角一带和临高马袅至东英一带等4个浅海区具有较好的砂矿资源潜力,它们可作为今后该区砂矿勘查的重要靶区。  相似文献   

台湾海峡西部海底有用重砂高品位分布与找矿意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

沈若慧  周定成  廖连招 《台湾海峡》1999,18(2):131-139

锆石,钛铁矿,金红石,独居石等有用重砂品位分析表明,台湾海峡西部海底各有用重砂存在有高品位分布。中央盆地西部等具有富集成矿条件,相当部分仍在可采水深范围之内,具有找矿意义。  相似文献   

Platinum–Group Minerals in Podiform Chromitite from the Kamuikotan Zone, Hokkaido, Northern Japan     

Shoji ARAI  Hazel M. PRICHARD  Ichiro MATSUMOTO  Peter C. FISHER 《Resource Geology》1999,49(1):39-47

Abstract: Ru–Os–Ir alloys have been found in two podiform chromitites located at the Chiroro and Bankei mines in the Sarugawa peridotite complex in the Kamuikotan zone, Hokkaido, Japan. This is the first report on the occurrence of PGM (= platinum-group minerals) from chromitites in Japan. The Ru–Os–Ir alloys most typically form polyhedra associated with other minerals (Ni–Fe alloys and heazlewoodite) in chromian spinel. The PGM are possibly pseudomorphs after some primary PGM such as laurite and are chemically highly inhomogeneous, indicating a low-temperature alteration origin. This is consistent with intense alteration (formation of serpentine, uvarovite and kämmererite) imposed on the Kamuikotan chromitites. High-temperature primary PGE (platinum–group elements)–bearing sulfides were possibly recrystallized at low temperatures into a new assemblage of PGM, Ni-Fe alloys and sulfides. Placer PGM around the peridotite complexes are chemically different from the PGM in dunite and chromitite possibly due to the, as yet, incomplete search for the rock-hosted PGM. The PGE content in chromitites is distinctly higher in those in the Kamuikotan zone than in those in the Sangun zone of Southwest Japan, consistent with the more refractory nature (Cr# of spinel, up to 0.8) of the former than the latter (Cr# of spinel, 0.5).  相似文献