2001-2002水文年环太湖河道的水量及污染物通量   总被引：24，自引：11，他引：24  

许朋柱  秦伯强 《湖泊科学》2005,17(3):213-218

根据2001-2002水文年115条环太湖河道的同步环境监测资料,对水量及污染物通量进行了估算.全年的入湖水量为80.11×108m3,出湖水量为96.67×108m3.入湖水量主要通过西部河网以及西苕溪、望虞河等河流汇入太湖,其中西部河网的入湖量占总入湖量的60%;出湖水量主要通过太浦河、东苕溪以及东部河网汇出太湖,其中太浦河的出湖量占47%.污染物通量的估算结果是,CODMn、TN及TP的入湖总通量分别为37571t/a、28658t/a及1029t/a,出湖总通量分别为35431t/a、14600t/a及668t/a.CODMn、TN及TP入湖通量通过西部河网进入太湖的比例占63%、49%及47%;CODMn、TN及TP出湖通量通过太浦河汇出太湖的比例占51%、45%及34%.通过与上世纪90年代以前相同年型的数据进行对比,除TP外,其它各种污染物的入湖量均明显增加,且污染物在湖泊中的滞留率也显著提高.由此说明,环太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水环境恶化的根本原因.  相似文献   

土壤重金属环境质量矿物学评价方法   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

鲁安怀 《地质通报》2005,24(8):715-720

利用环境矿物学理论和方法阐明了土壤矿物控制重金属活动状态，具体分析了重金属在矿物表面、层间域和孔道内可能的赋存位置。实验研究结果表明，矿物吸附重金属的作用受到介质pH值、介质离子强度等因素的影响。采用系统聚类分析方法，能定量地分析稳定的硫化物结合态微量有毒有害重金属元素的数量。利用粉晶X射线衍射分析方法，能定量地测定土壤矿物组成和含量。新提出土壤环境质量矿物学方法评价流程。该方法是在利用生态地球化学方法所完成的元素总量调查成果的基础上，开展单元性与剖面性土壤矿物组成与含量测定，查明表层土壤和深层土壤的矿物组成和分布，评价土壤中重金属的赋存状态及其对食物链的影响。旨在为农业地质环境评价提供新方法，切实提高农业地质环境调查质量与服务水平。  相似文献   

Calculated and measured values of liquid water content in clean and polluted environments     

J. Fišák  D. Řezáčová  J. Mattanen 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2006,50(1):121-130

The relationship between liquid water content (LWC) and visibility (VIS) in a fog was examined by a field measurement of LWC values at a clean location of the meteorological observatory Sodankylä (Finland) and in a polluted region at the meteorological observatory Mile?ovka (Czech Republic). Furthermore, the use of a simple regression fog model to determine LWC from VIS is examined by comparing well-known relationships with the measurement results. The results show that the verbal characterization of environment (clean, mild polluted, polluted) is insufficient to calculate the LWC values from visibility. It is necessary to establish an additional criterion based on quantitative fog characteristics or to determine the site-related equation from the previous LWC and VIS measurement.  相似文献   

Experimental research on adsorption/desorption for petroleum pollutants in the soil in Daqing oilfield     

Xiaoyan LIU Yingli LI Guocheng MAO Jungang LI Chun LI Jingxin SUN Qianya ZHU 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):260-260

The Daqing oilfield is one of the biggest oilfields in the world. It has been exploited for several decades, which brings serious pollution to local natural environment. The crude oil on ground which is produced in the process of oil production contains various organic pollutants. The petroleum pollutants tend to adsorb, desorb, biodegrade and photolyze and so on in the soil, but adsorption/desorption is a pair of extremely important environment geochemistry behavior. In order to master the rule of petroleum pollutants migration and transformation in the soil environment, and provide scientific evidence for the prevent research project on petroleum pollution treatment in the Daqing oilfield, the chemozem was selected as the experimental sample, which is a kind of representative soil in the Daqing oilfield. The factors affecting adsorbent and desorption＇s characteristics were discussed, including pH of the soil, the concentrations of suspended particulates and temperature. The oscillation-equity was used in the experiment. The mechanism and dynamics process of the adsorption/desorption were researched. The results showed that adsorbing of the petroleum pollutants on the chemozem sediment is a kind of physical adsorption phenomenon. The adsorption function comes from the hydrophobic and sticky character of the petroleum its self. The velocity of adsorption and desorption is almost equivalent, both concentrations of water in the soil are close to the balance in two hours, thus they achieve homeostasis in three hours. The process of adsorption of the petroleum pollutants responses to Herry isothermal model, with increasing pH, concentration of suspended particulates and temperature, the quantity of adsorption show a descending trend. However, desorption is a contrary course of adsorption in the experiment. Due to various influenced phenomena reflect that the soil in the Daqing oilfield has factors, the quantity of desorption shows an ascending trend. These strong adsorption ability to petroleum pollutants.  相似文献   

Surface and adsorptive properties of wood char particles in soil     

Joseph J. Pignatello Dongqiang ZHU Michael Sander Seokjoon Kwon Washington Braida 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):260-261

Char and soot （black carbon, BC） are highly surface-active materials that can play an important role in contaminant fate and bioavailability in soils and sediments. This report summarizes our research on the influence of adsorbate structure and BC properties on adsorption of organic compounds, and the possible attenuation of BC surface activity by humic substances in the environment. The BC was a maple wood char formed at 400 ℃ in air and under other conditions. The solutes were polar and apolar aromatic compounds. The following points will be discussed. （1） By comparing adsorption to nonporous graphite, it was shown that molecular sieving effects （steric restriction） in the char micropore system occur in the order of increasing substitution on the benzene ring and in the order of increasing fused ring size. （2） By accounting for hydrophobic and steric effects it was shown that aromatic rings substituted with strongly pi-electron-accepting functional groups, such as nitro, undergo pi-pi electron donor-acceptor （EDA） interactions with the pi-donor polyaromatic （graphene） surface of the char. The free energy of adsorption due to pi-pi EDA interactions correlated with the free energy of molecular complexation in chloroform with model compounds representing the graphene surface （napthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene）. （3） A series of chars were prepared of different polarity （O content） but similar surface area and pore size distribution by varying temperature and atmosphere. Single- and bi-solute experiments showed that polar interactions with surface O are not a significant driving force for adsorption of polar compounds. Rather, surface O attracts water molecule clusters that inhibit adsorption of both polar and nonpolar compounds by competition. （4） Aging of char particles in a soil-water suspension strongly reduced char SA and sorption of added benzene. Studies were conducted with dissolved humic （HA） acid, HA-char co-precipitates, Ala＋-HA-char co-flocculates, and soybean oil representing humic lipid components.  相似文献   

Heavy metal concentrations in water and surface sediments of Maharlou Lake, SE of Shiraz, Iran     

Farid Moore Guiti Forghani Tehrani Afshin Qishlaqi Fatemeh Rastmanesh 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):168-168

The main objective of this study is to evaluate trace metal distribution and identify their sources in the Maharlou Lake. Trace metals （Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb） and major elements （A1, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P） were investigated in water and surface sediments. There was a negative relationship between the depth of water and heavy metal concentration. Metal concentrations in water and sediment samples show a high variability and decrease in this order： Al〉Fe〉Ni〉Co〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Cd. In the northern parts of the lake, especially at the inflow of drains and the Khoshk River of Shiraz City, metal concentrations are higher in both water and sediment samples. In order to assess the heavy metal enrichment in sediment samples, trace metal concentrations were normalized for Al. Except for Mn, all metals are enriched relative to average crust and average sedimentary rocks. Also, the results showed that stations located at the northern coast of the lake, have higher enrichment factors （EF） than the other stations. The results of this study showed that the Khoshk River and other drains are the main pollutant sources of the Maharluo Lake.  相似文献   

Numerical Investigation of Gas Scavenging by Weak Precipitation     

Leiming Zhang  Robert Vet  Diane V. Michelangeli 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,54(3):203-231

A one-dimensional cloud model with size-resolved microphysics and size-resolved aqueous-phase chemistry, driven by prescribed dynamics, has been used to study gas scavenging by weak precipitation developed from low-level, warm stratiform clouds. The dependence of the gas removal rate on the physical and chemical properties of precipitation has been explored under controlled initial conditions. It is found that the removal of four gaseous species (SO₂, NH₃, H₂O₂ and HNO₃) strongly depends on the total droplet surface area, regardless the mean size of droplets. The removal rates also correlate positively with the precipitation rate, especially for precipitation having a mean radius larger than 20 μm. The dependence of the scavenging coefficients on the total droplet surface area is stronger than on the precipitation rate. The removal rates of SO₂, NH₃ and H₂O₂ by precipitation strongly depend on the others' initial concentrations. When NH₃ (or H₂O₂) concentration is much lower than that of SO₂, the removal rate of SO₂ is then controlled by the concentration of H₂O₂ (or NH₃). The removal of NH₃ (or H₂O₂) also directly depends on the concentration of SO₂. NH₃ and H₂O₂ can also indirectly affect each other's removal rate through interaction with SO₂. The scavenging coefficient of SO₂ increases with the concentration ratio of NH₃ to SO₂ if the ratio is larger than 0.5, while the scavenging coefficient of NH₃ increases with the concentration ratio of SO₂ to NH₃ when the ratio is smaller than 1. The scavenging coefficient of H₂O₂ generally increases with the concentration ratio of SO₂ to H₂O₂. Although the Henry's law equilibrium approach seems to be able to simulate gas scavenging by cloud droplets, it causes large errors when used for simulating the scavenging of soluble gas species by droplets of precipitating sizes.  相似文献   

东湖主要点源氮 , 磷负荷的动态变化   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  

贺华中 《湖泊科学》1996,8(3):229-234

根据1990～1992年对武汉东湖水果区几个点源的监测研究,并通过对1982年和1992年入湖氮、磷量的比较,认为武汉东湖富营养化主要在于含氮、磷生活污水的排入;东湖的氨氮污染与可溶磷污染较严重。阐述了东湖水质继续向严重富营养化演变的原因,并提出了防治富营养化的建议。  相似文献   

近20年北京晴天紫外辐射的变化趋势   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

白建辉  王庚辰  胡非 《大气科学》2003,27(2):273-280

在对北京晴天1990年1月～1991年12月太阳辐射观测资料进行了详细分析的基础上,得到了计算晴天紫外辐射的计算公式,结果表明,计算值与观测值吻合得比较好,计算值与观测值的最大相对偏差为6.2%,24个月相对偏差的平均值为1.9%.利用此公式计算了北京晴天1979～1998年的紫外辐射,并给出了1979～1998年紫外辐射的变化趋势,发现近20年北京地区晴天的紫外辐射呈下降趋势,并对其产生原因以及影响紫外辐射的各个因子进行了详细分析.  相似文献   

总磷运移二维模型的有限元法   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  

马瑞杰  杨天行  刘晓端 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2003,33(2):200-203

水库中总磷的浓度是水库富营养化的重要指标，根据水库水环境条件，给出污染质总磷运移的二维数学模型；采用Galerlom有限元法进行求解，并给制了等值线图，得到水库中总磷的时空变化规律，为防治水库污染、选择最佳处理方案提供科学理论依据。  相似文献