Generation of block and ash flows during the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen Volcano, Japan     

Tadahide Ui  Norimichi Matsuwo  Mari Sumita  Akihiko Fujinawa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1999,89(1-4)

Processes generating block and ash flows by gravitational dome collapse (Merapi-type pyroclastic flow) were observed in detail during the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan. Two different types were identified by analysis of video records and observations during helicopter flights. Most of the block and ash flows erupted during the 1991–1993 exogenous dome growth stage initially involved crack propagation due to cooling and flowage of the dome lava lobes. The mass around the crack became unstable, locally decreasing in tensile strength. Finally, a slab separated from the lobe front, fragmented progressively from the base to the top within a few seconds, and became a block and ash flow. Rock falls immediately followed, in response to local instability of the lobe front. Clasts in these rock falls fragmented and merged with the preceding flow. In contrast, block and ash flows during the endogenous dome growth stage in 1994 were generated due to local bulge of the dome. Unstable lava blocks collapsed and subsequently fragmented to produce block and ash flows.  相似文献   

Submarine lineated sheet flows: a unique lava morphology formed on subsiding lava ponds     

William W. Chadwick Jr.  Tracy K. P. Gregg  Robert W. Embley 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,61(3):194-206

 Lineated sheet flows are flat-lying, glassy lava flows characterized by a regular surface pattern of parallel grooves or furrows aligned with the flow direction. They are unique to the submarine environment. We propose that the lineations are developed within the collapsed interiors of partially ponded lobate sheet flows that initially inflate and then drain out during emplacement. During lava drainout, the original lobate crust founders and a new crust begins to grow on the subsiding lava surface. Lineated flow texture is created where molten lava emerges laterally from beneath a growing crust. The lineations are formed by raking of the emerging lava surface by irregularities on the bottom edge of the crust and are preserved owing to rapid chilling by seawater. Therefore, lineated sheet flows are the product of a specific sequence of events over a short period of time during the course of a deep submarine eruption. Received: 23 November 1998 / Accepted: 22 February 1999  相似文献   

Palaeointensity results for historic lavas from Mt Etna using microwave demagnetization/remagnetization in a modifiedThellier-type experiment     

Mimi J. Hill  & John Shaw 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,139(2):583-590

The bane of conventional Thellier-type palaeointensity experiments is the thermal alteration of the samples during experimentation. However, high-frequency microwaves can be used to stimulate the magnetic minerals directly, thus eliminating the need for the bulk sample to be heated ( Walton et al . 1993 ). The microwave technique has been successfully applied to ceramics ( Shaw et al . 1996 , 1999 ), and here we present results for historic lavas from Mt Etna, Sicily. 20 samples were randomly selected from 10 different historic flows dating from 1843 to 1983. Hysteresis parameters were monitored as a check for alteration during experimentation and minimal alteration was found. Rock-magnetic analysis and AF plus microwave demagnetizations were carried out on all samples, and microwave intensity analysis was carried out on those samples that were stable to microwave demagnetization (16 in total). With one exception, all samples gave high-quality intensity results. Two or three subsamples from each sample were investigated and a weighted average calculated to give a single estimate of the field. When the intensity values were compared with the SV model based on direct observatory measurements ( Bloxham & Gubbins 1985 ), it was found that those samples that contained a high multidomain (MD) component gave intensity values around 20 per cent lower than expected. This can be explained by the cooling rate effect ( Dodson & McClelland-Brown 1980 ) and/or the presence of an MD component ( McClelland et al. 1996 ). Those samples with the lowest numbers of MD grains gave field values which, within error, were the same as those for the model, or slightly too high: this is compatible with the cooling rate effect.  相似文献   

琼北全新世火山区熔岩流流动速度的恢复与火山灾害性讨论   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

魏海泉  白志达  李战勇  孙谦  樊祺诚  史兰斌  张秉良  徐德斌  胡久常  肖劲平  卢永健 《地质论评》2005,51(1):27-35

琼北全新世火山区分为 4个火山系统 ,熔岩流流动距离集中在 4～ 8km之间 ,而熔岩流宽度则以 1.5km左右为常见。根据琼北全新世火山区内熔岩流不同流动单元表面坡度、岩流厚度的调查 ,结合熔岩流温度与密度等物理参数计算恢复的琼北全新世火山区熔岩流流动速度众值在 0 .5 m/ s左右 ,底部剪切力约为 5 0 0 0 Pa。对于厚度巨大的熔岩流 (流动单元厚度 >15 m)流动速度可加快至 5 m/ s,而底部剪切力则可加大至 5 0 0 0 0 Pa。对于一条 8m厚的熔岩流 ,其地表流动时间均在 10 0 h以内 ,而以流动时间在 1d以内为常见。根据熔岩流长度与体积恢复的喷发持续时间对于不同火山系统短至 2个月 ,长达 2年。8km预期熔岩流长度可以作为未来火山喷发时熔岩流火山灾害影响范围的重要参照系数 ,制定的相应减灾措施应该以此作为重要依据之一。琼北近代火山区火山灾害主要表现为熔岩流对农田、林地、道路的毁坏及引发的火灾  相似文献   

Fractionation modelling of segregations in the Toomba Basalt,north Queensland     

P. J. Stephenson  M. Zhang  M. Spry 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):291-300

Segregations that are darker than their host basalt are locally common in the Late Pleistocene Toomba Basalt flow northwest of Charters Towers. At Basalt Corner this flow has been inflated to a thickness of 17 m and segregations are displayed in pipes, sheets, veins and vesicles. Their chemical compositions are distinct from the host hawaiite and least‐square mixing solutions provide close models involving crystallisation of olivine, plagioclase, augite and magnetite in the cooling host basalt and gas‐pressure extraction of residual melt to form the segregations. Trace‐element concentrations are consistent with this mechanism and can, in general, be modelled using mineral partition coefficients from the literature. Segregations may concentrate near the edges of the inflation structures.  相似文献   

Conceptualizing a multi-layered shingle aquifer model based on volcanic stratigraphy and water inflow to lava caves in Jeju Island,Korea     

Ung San Ahn  Dong-Chan Koh  Joonghyeok Heo  Byong-Wook Cho  Taehee Kim  Byoung-Woo Yum 《水文研究》2021,35(8):e14316

Volcanic aquifers supply a substantial portion of water resources in many parts of the world, including islands, and their productivity depends strongly on volcanic stratigraphy, which exhibits considerable heterogeneity. We investigated water inflow to lava tube caves formed from numerous basaltic lava flows in the northeastern coastal area of Jeju Island after storm events and monitored relative inflow rates monthly over 1 year to characterize groundwater flow processes in the upper parts of volcanic aquifers, and to evaluate the applicability of the previous hydrogeological models proposed for the island. Considerable water inflow arose shortly after storms from exposed palaeosol layers on the walls of the caves. The monthly monitoring results showed that wall inflow associated with these palaeosol layers is substantial. In both cases, discharge from ceiling drips was much less and more temporally variable compared to wall inflow discharge. Water flowing into the caves was rapidly drained through the floor at all monitoring sites. The lateral extent of the palaeosol layers was identified using drill core logs near the cave and outcrops in the coastal area. Based on these results, we inferred that multiple perched aquifers are formed by low-permeability palaeosol layers between lava flows, which are connected by vertical flows at discontinuities in the palaeosol layer, eventually reaching the basal aquifer. This study revealed the water inflow processes observed in lava tube caves constrained by palaeosol layers, and established a hydrogeological conceptual model incorporating multiple perched aquifers in both coastal and mountainous areas associated with extensive palaeosol layers formed during volcanic hiatuses. This finding would help elucidate recharge, groundwater flow, and contaminant transport processes in many volcanic aquifers that are not adequately represented by the previous models, and contribute to better management of groundwater in those areas.  相似文献   

新疆蒙库地区者勒巴斯陶一带古火山机构的地质特征     

周先勤  唐博  陈彦  潘杨辉 《四川地质学报》2011,31(1):6-8

通过两年的野外区调工作,系统分析了新疆蒙库地区者勒巴斯陶一带火山岩的分布、火山机构展布及区域地质特征,结合岩石化学及遥感影象特征,对该区晚古生代的古火山机构进行了研究,阐明了古火山口及其次火山岩的地质特征.  相似文献   

Physical parameters governing the formation of Pele's hair and tears     

Daisuke Shimozuru 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(3):217-219

The physical parameters that affect the formation of Pele's hair and Pele's tears during lava fountaining are discussed. Experiments on ink jets produced from a nozzle under different Weber number (We) and Reynolds number (Re) show the following results: if (Re) is relatively large compared with (We), an ink droplet is produced. However, if (Re) is relatively small and (We) is large, the spurting ink becomes thread-like. I define the Pele number (Pe) as (We)/(Re), which is expressed as v/₀, where v is the spuring velocity from an erupting vent, and are viscosity and interfacial tension of the erupting magma, and and ₀ are density of air and magma. The experimental results from ink jets suggest that Pele's hair will be produced for larger (Pe), while Pele's tears are very likely produced for relatively small (Pe). I conclude that Pele's hair could be produced when the spurting velocity of erupting magmas is high, and Pele's tears when it is relatively low. As an additional point of interest, the similarity of SEM photographs of the characteristic shape of Pele's hair to those of the failed products of commercial glass fibre are shown.  相似文献   

长白山靖宇矿泉水矿田形成分布特征及开发战略建议     

张勃夫 《吉林地质》2001,20(2):58-63

根据靖宇县政府提供的新资料，结合过去已有资料，经过综合分析，提出了靖宇矿泉水矿田的新认识，并重点介绍了靖宇矿泉水矿田的地质背景，形成分布特征，同时提出了几点开发战略建议，为进一步开发和研究靖宇矿泉水矿田指明了重要的思路和方向。  相似文献   

仁差盆地J3^3c火山岩岩性特征及与相山碎斑熔岩的对比     

刘晓东  马丽君 《华东地质学院学报》1989,12(1):35-46

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