Pervasive autocorrelation of the chemical index of alteration in sedimentary profiles and its palaeoenvironmental implications     

SHANGBIN XIAO  WEIGUO LIU  ANCHUN LI  SHOUYE YANG  ZHONGPING LAI 《Sedimentology》2010,57(2):670-676

The chemical index of alteration has been used widely for reconstruction of the palaeoclimate. However, the mechanisms and environmental factors controlling the chemical index of alteration of sediments are not yet fully understood. In this study, autocorrelations of the chemical index of alteration in nine sedimentary profiles, from both the land and the sea, spanning different geological times, are discussed. The sediments of these profiles have different origins (dust, fluvial or ocean sediments) and are from various climate situations and sedimentary environments. Autocorrelations of chemical index of alteration series are ubiquitously evident in all profiles. It is suggested here that autocorrelations may be caused by post‐depositional changes such as persistent weathering and diagenesis. As a result, the chemical index of alteration may not reflect climatic conditions during the time of sediment deposition. This study strongly recommends the confirmation of the reliability and veracity of the chemical index of alteration before it is adopted to evaluate the weathering degree of parent rocks and to reconstruct the past climate. Significant autocorrelations in loess profiles were specifically observed, suggesting that the existing understanding of loess deposition in terms of climate conditions requires re‐examination, and that previous reconstructions of rapid climate changes (for example, in centennial‐millennial scales) should be treated with caution.  相似文献   

内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中铂族金属矿物的特征及成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵兴国  苏尚国  王水炯  杨帅师  侯建光  池涵 《现代地质》2010,24(1)

在内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中发现了砷铂矿、砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿等铂族金属矿物。野外观察和室内电子探针分析发现,砷铂矿与磁铁矿、绿泥石共生,砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿与黄铁矿共生。铂族金属主要赋存在二辉石岩中,且在镁铁质—超镁铁质杂岩体中呈脉状产出。文圪乞铂族金属的分布、产状及特征显示岩浆作用对铂族金属的富集起着关键的控制作用,岩浆期后的热液作用对铂族金属迁移、富集也起着关键作用。  相似文献   

Splitting a northern account of New Zealand's neoliberalism     

Nicolas Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2012,68(3):168-174

This review responds to Richard Peet's ‘policy regimes’ account of New Zealand's neoliberal experiment published in this volume of the New Zealand Geographer. It welcomes Peet's intervention, especially its comparative approach and its political economy focus, but suggests further insight may have been gained from closer engagement with the work of New Zealand geographers. The review argues that Peet misses opportunities to learn from the New Zealand case. The review subjects a ‘northern’ account of southern experience to a critique by ‘splitting’, a characteristically southern approach to analysing social change from the Antipodes that pays close attention to the situatedness of knowledge production.  相似文献   

藏北美多锑矿带地质地球化学特征及其地球动力学背景探讨   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

闫升好  余金杰  赵以辛  徐志忠  王安建  滕荣丽 《地球学报》2004,25(5):541-548

藏北美多锑矿带位于小唐古拉山南麓,东西长200 km、南北宽40 km,已发现锑矿床(点)10多处,其中以美多矿床规模最大.锑矿产于上三叠统土门格拉群的硅质岩组,受NW向和NE向断裂联合控制.矿石矿物主要为辉锑矿,脉石矿物有石英、蛋白石和方解石等.矿石类型有浸染状硅质岩型、辉锑矿-石英脉型、角砾状硅质岩型、辉锑矿-方解石脉型等4种.矿石硫、铅、氦、氩同位素研究表明,成矿流体为大气降水,成矿物质不可能主要由围岩地层提供,地幔物质参入成矿明显.成矿年龄为20 Ma,处于青藏高原新生代大陆碰撞造山带形成演化的后碰撞构造阶段.成矿作用在时间与空间上与藏北大规模富碱中性熔岩所对应的构造热事件(30～10 Ma)相耦合以及地幔物质参入成矿的事实表明,藏北锑矿带的形成可能与中新世以来造山带增厚岩石圈底部拆沉作用引起的软流圈上升和地幔底辟作用有关.  相似文献   

Large-scale Migration of Fluids toward Foreland Basins during Collisional Orogeny: Evidence from Triassic Anhydrock Sequences and Regional Alteration in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Area   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

HOU Zengqian  YANG Zhusen  LI Yinqing  ZENG Pusheng  MENG Yifeng Institute of Mineral Resources  Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences  Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(1):203-220

The middle-lower Yangtze area underwent a series of complex tectonic evolution, such as Hercynian extensional rifting, Indosinian foreland basining, and Yanshanian transpression-transtension, resulting in a large distinctive Cu-Fe-Au metallogenic belt. In the tectonic evolution, large-scale migration and convergence of fluids toward foreland basins induced during the collisional orogeny of the Yangtze and North China continental blocks were of vital importance for the formation of the metallogenic belt. Through geological surveys of the middle-lower Yangtze area, three lines of evidence of large-scale fluid migration are proposed: (1) The extensive dolomitic and silicic alteration penetrating Cambrian-Triassic strata generally occurs in a region sandwiched between the metallogenic belt along the Yangtze River and the Dabie orogenic belt, and in the alteration domain alternately strong and weak alteration zones extend in a NW direction and are controlled by the fault system of the Dabie orogenic belt; it  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal variation of stable isotopic composition in precipitation: Post‐condensational effects in a humid area          下载免费PDF全文

Sascha Müller  Christine Stumpp  Jens Havskov Sørensen  Søren Jessen 《水文研究》2017,31(18):3146-3159

In the present study, a 2‐year dataset on δ¹⁸O and δ²H in precipitation is used to investigate hydrometeorologic controls on the isotopic compositions in a temperate maritime climate. Data was collected in Denmark along a transect of Six sampling stations across a landscape with a small topographic gradient and predominant westerly winds. Data showed the local meteoric water line for this region is expressed by the equation δ²H = 7.4δ¹⁸O + 5.4‰. A significant trend correlating enriched isotopic values to humidities around 70% during dry season and more depleted isotopic values to humidities around 90% during wet season was derived from the dataset. Temperature was found to only influence the isotopic composition in a secondary way, whereas no significant relationship was obtained for precipitation amount and evapotranspiration. It is suggested that subcloud post‐condensation exchange strongly influences the isotopic composition at the study site. A simple model of evaporation on falling rain was applied with the aim to reproduce observational data and show the potential influence of changing humidity conditions on precipitation compositions. The rather simple model approach did not fully explain the observational data, but it highlights the drastic isotopic changes from a falling raindrop that potentially can occur due to its release into a dryer atmosphere. This study shows that regional conditions and especially humidity can alter the isotopic composition in precipitation substantially even in regions without major topographic and hydrometeorologic gradients.  相似文献   

Exploratory analysis of statistical post‐processing methods for hydrological ensemble forecasts          下载免费PDF全文

Marie‐Amelie Boucher  Luc Perreault  Franois Anctil  Anne‐Catherine Favre 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1141-1155

Despite many recent improvements, ensemble forecast systems for streamflow often produce under‐dispersed predictive distributions. This situation is problematic for their operational use in water resources management. Many options exist for post‐processing of raw forecasts. However, most of these have been developed using meteorological variables such as temperature, which displays characteristics very different from streamflow. In addition, streamflow data series are often very short or contain numerous gaps, thus compromising the estimation of post‐processing statistical parameters. For operational use, a post‐processing method has to be effective while remaining as simple as possible. We compared existing post‐processing methods using normally distributed and gamma‐distributed synthetic datasets. To reflect situations encountered with ensemble forecasts of daily streamflow, four normal distribution parameterizations and six gamma distribution parameterizations were used. Three kernel‐based approaches were tested, namely, the ‘best member’ method and two improvements thereof, and one regression‐based approach. Additional tests were performed to assess the ability of post‐processing methods to cope with short calibration series, missing values or small numbers of ensemble members. We thus found that over‐dispersion is best corrected by the regression method, while under‐dispersion is best corrected by kernel‐based methods. This work also shows key limitations associated with short data series, missing values, asymmetry and bias. One of the improved best member methods required longer series for the estimation of post‐processing parameters, but if provided with adequate information, yielded the best improvement of the continuous ranked probability score. These results suggest guidelines for future studies involving real operational datasets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Performance‐based earthquake engineering assessment of a self‐centering,post‐tensioned concrete bridge system     

Won K. Lee  Sarah L. Billington 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(8):887-902

Highway bridges in highly seismic regions can sustain considerable residual displacements in their columns following large earthquakes. These residual displacements are an important measure of post‐earthquake functionality, and often determine whether or not a bridge remains usable following an earthquake. In this study, a self‐centering system is considered that makes use of unbonded, post‐tensioned steel tendons to provide a restoring force to bridge columns to mitigate the problem of residual displacements. To evaluate the proposed system, a code‐conforming, case‐study bridge structure is analyzed both with conventional reinforced concrete columns and with self‐centering, post‐tensioned columns using a formalized performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework. The PBEE analysis allows for a quantitative comparison of the relative performance of the two systems in terms of engineering parameters such as peak drift ratio as well as more readily understood metrics such as expected repair costs and downtime. The self‐centering column system is found to undergo similar peak displacements to the conventional system, but sustains lower residual displacements under large earthquakes, resulting in similar expected repair costs but significantly lower expected downtimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Biaxial testing of unbonded post‐tensioned rocking bridge piers with external replacable dissipaters     

Dion Marriott  Stefano Pampanin  Alessandro Palermo 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(15):1723-1741

The biaxial response of two bridge piers is experimentally investigated. A post‐tensioned precast bridge pier with external replaceable mild‐steel dissipaters is tested under biaxial loading. The performance of the post‐tensioned bridge pier is compared with a conventionally reinforced monolithic bridge pier. The experimental biaxial response is then compared with previous uniaxial experimental testing of identical bridge piers to understand the influence of biaxial loading, specifically concerning post‐tensioned rocking sections. A 3‐dimensional moment–curvature and moment–rotation analysis program is created to generate the monotonic section response of a conventional and post‐tensioned bridge pier. After comparing the accuracy of the section analysis program to the experimental testing of the monolithic pier, the program is validated against the experimental testing of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. This section analysis program is then used in the calibration of a macro‐model to capture the entire cyclic response of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. The macro‐model adopts multiple linear‐elastic compression‐only springs at the rocking interface, combined with non‐linear inelastic springs for each of the mild‐steel dissipaters and returns encouraging results at both local and global levels. The paper concludes with a number of biaxial moment‐interaction design charts for monolithic and post‐tensioned bridge piers as a function of mechanical and geometric section properties. The design charts define the biaxial yield surface at nominal yield and at the design section capacity defined by one of three material limit states. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effectiveness of three post‐fire rehabilitation treatments in the Colorado Front Range     

J. W. Wagenbrenner  L. H. MacDonald  D. Rough 《水文研究》2006,20(14):2989-3006

Post‐fire rehabilitation treatments are commonly implemented after high‐severity wildfires, but few data are available about the efficacy of these treatments. This study assessed post‐fire erosion rates and the effectiveness of seeding, straw mulching, and contour felling in reducing erosion after a June 2000 wildfire northwest of Loveland, Colorado. Site characteristics and sediment yields were measured on 12 burned and untreated control plots and 22 burned and treated plots from 2000 to 2003. The size of the hillslope plots ranged from 0·015 to 0·86 ha. Sediment yields varied significantly by treatment and were most closely correlated with the amount of ground cover. On the control plots the mean sediment yield declined from 6–10 Mg ha^?1 in the first two years after burning to 1·2 Mg ha^?1 in 2002 and 0·7 Mg ha^?1 in 2003. Natural regrowth caused the amount of ground cover on the control plots to increase progressively from 33% in fall 2000 to 88% in fall 2003. Seeding had no effect on either the amount of ground cover or sediment yields. Mulching reduced sediment yields by at least 95% relative to the control plots in 2001, 2002, and 2003, and the lower sediment yields are attributed to an immediate increase in the amount of ground cover in the mulched plots. The contour‐felling treatments varied considerably in the quality of installation, and sediment storage capacities ranged from 7 to 32 m³ ha^?1. The initial contour‐felling treatment did not reduce sediment yields when subjected to a very large storm event, but sediment yields were significantly reduced by a contour‐felling treatment installed after this large storm. The results indicate that contour felling may be able to store much of the sediment generated in an average year, but will not reduce sediment yields from larger storms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献