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91.
Enis Morkoc Legovic Tarzan Oya Okay Huseyin Tufekci Vildan Tufekci Leyla Tolun Fatma Karakoc 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(1):103-112
The Izmit Bay is an elongated semi-enclosed bay in the Marmara Sea. It is being increasingly polluted by both domestic and
industrial waste discharge since 1970’s. A monitoring program was conducted between 1999-2000 to document the state of pollution
in the bay. This includes the effect of Marmara (Izmit) earthquake (magnitude 7.4) that occurred in August 1999. A stable
two-layer ecosystem exists in the bay throughout the year due to continuous inflows of the saltier Mediterranean and brackish
Black Sea waters to the Marmara basin. Therefore, the principal biochemical characteristics of the bay are governed by the
two-layer flow system over the basin. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally at a saturated levels in the surface layer which
is 10 to 15 m thick, but it is depleted to 60–70 μM in the lower layer, exhibiting a steep gradient in the sharp halocline.
When the earthquake occurred, great loads of industrial wastes were released into the bay surface waters, which enhanced primary
production in the upper layer and thus large export of particulate organic matter to lower layer and eventually to the bottom.
Accordingly, DO was consumed and anoxic condition was established even in the upper layer/halocline interface, the halocline
and bottom waters of the eastern and central bay. In this period, concurrent increases were observed in phosphate and ammonia
contents at the halocline and in deep waters whilst the nitrate was almost consumed via denitrification processes in the anoxic
water. Recently, the industrial C, N and P loads increased by as much as 8 fold within five years (1995–2000) whilst domestic
inputs increased by 50%. Total organic matter discharged to the bay increased more than double within the last 15 years. Besides,
most factories in the region release toxic wastes into the bay after only partial treatment. 相似文献
92.
93.
Response of alpine chironomid communities (Lake Chuna, Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia) to atmospheric contamination 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A short sediment core from the deepest part of an alpine lake (Lake Chuna, Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia), covering about the past 200 yrs of sediment accumulation, was analysed for chironomid head capsule remains. The lake has been receiving acidic precipitation and heavy metals loading from the atmosphere since the 1940's. A total of 22 chironomid taxa were recorded. The most important taxa were typical elements of oligotrophic lakes, i.e.Micropsectra insignilobus, Paratanytarsus penicillatus, Stictochironomus spp. and Heterotrissocladius marcidus. Based on the cluster analyses results for the reconstructed environmental variables and chironomid communities, three developmental stages were distinguished from the lake history: (1) Natural ontogeny stage (before ~1945); (2) Initial stage of anthropogenic ontogeny (~1945-~1982); and (3) Anthropogenic ontogeny stage (~1982-~1996). During the first period, the changes in the chironomid fauna were characterized as an anthropogenically undisturbed community, with M. insignilobus dominating (46-66%). The changes during the second period reflected the initial phase of anthropogenic succession associated with the beginning of acidification and heavy metal pollution. The main species showed opposite distributional patterns in this period; the abundance of the group M. insignilobus/Stictochironomus spp. decreased, whereas the abundance of P. penicillatus/H. marcidus increased. The third period was characterized by a major shift in the faunal assemblages, from M. insignilobus to other dominant species including P. penicillatus (19-30%). The increases of Orthocladiinae relative abundance and total organic content in the uppermost sediment layers may be explained by a decrease in lake productivity. The decreases of cold-stenothermal taxa Stictochironomus spp. and M. insignilobus in the uppermost sediment layers can be explained by the global warming during the 20th century. The lake ecosystem is likely to be affected by both inputs of airborne contaminants and climate changes. 相似文献
94.
石家庄市地下水中氮污染分析 总被引:25,自引:1,他引:25
通过对石家庄市地下水中“三氮”污染状况的分析,发现硝酸盐是地下水中的主要氮污染物,利用氮同位素方法分析了地下水中硝酸盐氮的来源,讨论了人类开采地下水和施放环境物质对地下水中氮聚集的影响,在人类活动影响强度小的地区,地下水中的硝酸盐污染强度大大低于市区。NO3-浓度与硬度变化趋势表明:氮污染与硬度等指标值升高有一定的联系,但在不同的水文地球化学环境中,在迁移和转化等方面又有着自己的特性。 相似文献
95.
96.
Generation of Deccan Trap magmas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gautam Sen 《Journal of Earth System Science》2001,110(4):409-431
Deccan Trap magmas may have erupted through multiple centers, the most prominent of which may have been a shield volcano-like
structure in the Western Ghats area. The lavas are predominantly tholeiitic; alkalic mafic lavas and carbonatites are rare.
Radioisotope dating, magnetic chronology, and age constraints from paleontology indicate that although the eruption started
some 68 Ma, the bulk of lavas erupted at around 65–66 Ma. Paleomagnetic constraints indicate an uncertainty of ± 500,000 years
for peak volcanic activity at 65 m.y. in the type section of the Western Ghats. Maximum magma residence times were calculated
in this study based on growth rates of “giant plagioclase” crystals in lavas that marked the end phase of volcanic activity
of different magma chambers. These calculations suggest that the > 1.7 km thick Western Ghats section might have erupted within
a much shorter time interval of ∼ 55,000 years, implying phenomenal eruption rates that are orders of magnitude larger than
any present-day eruption rate from any tectonic environment. Other significant observations/conclusions are as follows: (1)
Deccan lavas can be grouped into stratigraphic subdivisions based on their geochemistry; (2) While some formations are relatively
uncontaminated others are strongly contaminated by the continental crust; (3) Deccan magmas were produced by 15–30% melting
of a Fe-rich lherzolitic source at ∼ 3–2 GPa; (4) Parent magmas of the relatively uncontaminated Ambenali formation had a
primitive composition with 16%MgO, 47%SiO2; (5) Deccan magmas were generated much deeper and by significantly more melting than other continental flood basalt provinces;
(6) The erupted Deccan tholeiitic lavas underwent fractionation and magma mixing at ∼ 0.2 GPa. The composition and origin
of the crust and crust/mantle boundary beneath the Deccan are discussed with respect to the influence of Deccan magmatic episode. 相似文献
97.
Pollution vulnerability of the Quaternary aquifer near Cairo, Egypt, as indicated by isotopes and hydrochemistry 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
The present study was conducted to delineate the pollution vulnerability of the Quaternary aquifer in two areas, Imbaba and
Shobra El-Khima, near Cairo, Egypt. Environmental isotopes combined with hydrochemistry were used for this purpose. The groundwater
in the Imbaba area (average total dissolved solids about 900 mg/L; sodium/chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate water types)
is more mineralized than groundwater in the Shobra El-Khima area (average total dissolved solids 500 mg/L; calcium and sodium/bicarbonate
water type). A high nitrate content and significant mineralization in the groundwater are probably due to contamination of
recharge to the aquifer by irrigation drainage, deteriorated sewage networks, and septic tanks. The deuterium and oxygen-18
compositions of the groundwater are depleted compared to Nile River water, which is the main source of aquifer recharge. This
less isotopically enriched water probably represents older Nile water recharge that flooded the region before construction
of the Aswan High Dam in 1963, or it is a mixture of a young water and originally deposited paleowater that was in deeper
horizons at a time of cooler and more humid climate. Intensive pumping has moved the paleowater higher in the aquifer. Groundwater
in the Shobra El-Khima area has higher residence time, based on the tritium concentration, than groundwater in the Imbaba
area. The percentage of the isotopically depleted water equals 75% in the Shobra El-Khima and 35% in Imbaba, and the thickness
of the clay cap above the aquifer is 38 m in Shobra El-Khima and 20 m in Imbaba. These factors are indicative of the rate
of recharge to the aquifer and were used to evaluate the pollution vulnerability in the two areas.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
98.
核测井曲线高分辨率处理技术及其应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
着重探讨了放射性测井曲线中自然伽马测井曲线、补偿中子测井曲线和补偿密度测井曲线的高分辨率处理方法及其应用效果。对于自然伽马及自然伽马能谱测井曲线,采用反褶积技术和有效的噪音压制技术;对于补偿中子测井曲线和补偿密度测井曲线采用了改进的α因子法。可以发现:高分辨率处理技术可明显地改善有关曲线的纵向分层能力;处理后的曲线与岩心柱状图及与微球、微电极等高分辨率曲线进行对比,其相关性有很大的改善;应用高分辨率处理后的曲线求薄层的泥质含量等参数,其相对误差明显下降。 相似文献
99.
Groundwater samples collected from both open and bore wells in an area of about 270 km2 from Madras City, India, have been analyzed for major ions (HCO3, Cl, Si, Na, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (As, Se, B, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Mo, and Ba). The study reveals that the quality of potable water has deteriorated to a large extent. Seawater intrusion into the aquifer has been observed in nearly 50 percent of the study area. The toxic elements (As and Se) have already exceeded the maximum permissible limits of drinking water in almost the entire city. A positive correlation of As and Se with other toxic metals such as V, Cr, Fe, B, etc., indicates that all these elements are anthropogenic in origin. Applying multivariate analysis, the source for trace elements in groundwater has been grouped into two major factors: pollution and mobilization factors. The groundwater in the study area is largely contaminated by organic effluents and reflects the intensity of pollution caused by the overlying soil sediment and rapid infiltration of the pollutants. 相似文献
100.
黄土中的粘粒含量较高、比表面积较大、吸附性较强、阳离子交换容量也较高,这些因素对迟滞放射性核素的迁移有利。而且黄土的非饱和渗透系数K(θ)远远低于它的饱水渗透系数K_(?)。使得放射性核素在黄土中的迁移很慢。因此,包气带黄土作为中、低放射性废物处置库的环境屏障是可行的。 相似文献