The Denizli graben-horst system and the eastern limit of western Anatolian continental extension: basin fill,structure, deformational mode,throw amount and episodic evolutionary history,SW Turkey     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3-4):167-208

The Denizli graben-horst system (DGHS) is located at the eastern-southeastern converging tips of three well-identified major grabens, the Gediz, the Küçük Menderes and the Büyük Menderes grabens, in the west Anatolian extensional province. It forms a structural link between these grabens and the other three NE-NW-trending grabens—the Çivril, the Ac?göl and the Burdur grabens—comprising the western limb of the Isparta Angle. Therefore, the DGHS has a critical role in the evolutionary history of continental extension and its eastward continuation in southwestern Turkey, including western Anatolia, west-central Anatolia, and the Isparta Angle. The DGHS is a 7-28-km wide, 62-km long, actively growing and very young rift developed upon metamorphic rocks of both the Menderes Massif and the Lycian nappes, and their Oligocene-Lower Miocene cover sequence. It consists of one incipient major graben, one modern major graben, two sub-grabens and two intervening sub-horsts evolved on the four palaeotectonic blocks. Therefore, the DGHS displays different trends along its length, namely, NW, E-W, NE and again E-W.

The DGHS has evolved episodically rather than continuously. This is indicated by a series of evidence: (1) it contains two graben infills, the ancient graben infill and the modern graben infill, separated by an intervening angular unconformity; (2) the ancient graben infill consists of two Middle Miocene-Middle Pliocene sequences of 660 m thickness accumulated in a fluvio-lacustrine depositional setting under the control of first NNW-SSE- and later NNE-SSW-directed extension (first-stage extension), and deformed (folded and strike-slip faulted) by a NNE-SSW- to ENE-WSW-directed phase of compression in the latest Middle Pliocene, whereas the modern graben infill consists of 350-m thick, undeformed (except for local areas against the margin-bounding active faults), nearly flat-lying fanapron deposits and travertines of Plio-Quaternary age; (3) the ancient graben infill is confined not only to the interior of the graben but is also exposed well outside and farther away from the graben, whereas the modern graben infill is restricted to only the interior of the graben. These lines of evidence imply an episodic, two-stage extensional evolutionary history interrupted by an intervening compressional episode for the DGHS.

Both the southern and northern margin-bounding faults of the DGHS are oblique-slip normal faults with minor right- and/or left-lateral strike-slip components. They are mapped and classified into six categories, and named the Babada?, Honaz, A?a??da?dere, Küçükmal?da?, Pamukkale and Kaleköy fault zones, and composed of 0.5-36-km long fault segments linked by a number of relay ramps. Total throw amounts accumulated on both the northern and southern margin-bounding faults are 1,050 m and 2,080 m, respectively. In addition, the maximum width of the DGHS and the thickness of the crust beneath it are more or less same (~ 28 km). The total of these values indicate a vertical slip rate of 0.15-0.14 mm/year and averaging 7% extension for the asymmetrical DGHS.

The master faults of the Babada?, Honaz, Küçükmal?da?, Pamukkale and Kaleköy fault zones are still active and have a potential seismicity with magnitudes 6 or higher. This is indicated by both the historical (1703 and 1717 seismic events) to recent (1965, 1976, 2000 seismic events) earthquakes sourced from margin-bounding faults and some diagnostic morphotectonic features, such as deflected drainage system, degraded alluvial fans with apices adjacent to fault traces, back-tilting of fault-bounded blocks, and actively growing travertine occurrences. The kinematic analyses of main fault-slip-plane data, Upper Quaternary fissure ridges and focal-mechanism solutions of some destructive earthquakes clearly indicate that the current continental extension (second-stage extension) by normal faulting in the DGHS continues in a (mean) 026° to 034° (NNE-SSW) direction.

Detailed and recent field geological mapping, stratigraphy of the Miocene-Quaternary basins, palaeostress analysis of fault populations and main margin-bounding faults of these basins, extensional gashes to fissures, and focal-mechanism solutions of destructive earth-quakes that have occurred in last century strongly indicate that extension is not unidirectional and confined only to western Anatolia, but also continues farther east across the Isparta Angle and west-central Anatolia, up to the Salt Lake fault zone in the east and the inönü-Eski?ehir fault zone in the north-northeast. Therefore, the term “southwest Turkey extensional province” is proposed in lieu of the term “west Anatolian extensional province”.  相似文献   

斜阶跃波层状介质航空瞬变电磁响应数值计算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

关珊珊  林君  嵇艳鞠  许洋铖  万玲  王远 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,(Z1):435-440

目前,航空瞬变电磁方法数据解释主要采用阶跃波均匀半空间模型计算视电导率值,而实际航空电磁系统发射波形的下降沿多为斜阶跃,导致解释时计算的视电导率值存在较大偏差。为此,笔者研究了航空瞬变电磁系统发射电流为斜阶跃时的电磁响应数值计算,将发射波形进行拉氏变换,利用G-S逆拉氏变换与241点汉克尔变换相结合的方法,实现斜阶跃波关断后的层状大地模型航空瞬变电磁响应计算;并对均匀半空间和层状大地模型下,不同关断时间和不同飞行高度对电磁响应的影响进行分析。得出结论:不同关断时间,关断后取样延时2 ms时,均匀半空间电磁响应的平均偏差为27.78%,三层模型的平均偏差为32.16%;当飞行高度从20 m增加到60 m时,均匀半空间和三层模型的感应电动势分别减小了43.6%和83.2%。  相似文献   

Sharp‐based marine sandstone bodies in the Mulichinco Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Neuquén Basin,Argentina: remnants of transgressive offshore sand ridges     

ERNESTO SCHWARZ 《Sedimentology》2012,59(5):1478-1508

The interpretation of sharp‐based shallow‐marine sandstone bodies encased in offshore mudstones, particularly transgressive units, has been a subject of recent debate. This contribution provides a multiple‐dataset approach and new identification criteria which could help in the recognition of transgressive offshore sandstone bodies worldwide. This study integrates sedimentology, ichnology, taphonomy and palaeoecology of Mulichinco Formation strata in the central Neuquén Basin (Argentina) in order to describe and interpret sharp‐based sandstone bodies developed in ramp‐type marine settings. These bodies are sandwiched between finer‐grained siliciclastics beneath and thin carbonates above. The underlying sediments comprise progradational successions from offshore mudstones to offshore transition muddy sandstones, grading occasionally into lower shoreface sandstones. The surfaces capping the regressive siliciclastics are flat and regionally extensive, and are demarcated by skeletal concentrations and a Glossifungites suite; they are also marked by sandstone rip‐up clasts, with encrustations and borings on all sides. These surfaces are interpreted as composite discontinuities, cut during a relative sea‐level fall and remodelled during the initial transgression. The overlying transgressive sandstone bodies are 3 to 7 m thick, >4 km long and about three times longer than wide; they are composed of fine‐grained sandstones with little lateral change in grain size. Cross‐stratification and/or cross‐lamination are common, typically with smaller‐scale structures and finer grain size towards the top. Large‐scale, low‐angle (5° to 8°) inclined stratification is also common, dipping at ca 30° with respect to body elongation and dominant currents. These sandstone bodies are interpreted as offshore sand ridges, probably developed under the influence of tidal currents. Intense burrowing is typical at the top of each unit, suggesting an abandonment stage. Final deactivation favoured colonization by epibenthic‐dominated communities and the formation of skeletal‐rich limestones during the latest transgressive conditions. As partial reworking of pre‐existing ridges occurred during this stage, the Mulichinco sandstone bodies are considered the remnants of transgressive offshore sand units.  相似文献   

Ichnology and sedimentology of the Triassic carbonates of North‐west Sardinia,Italy     

DIRK KNAUST  LUCA G. COSTAMAGNA 《Sedimentology》2012,59(4):1190-1207

The classical Middle to Upper Triassic carbonate sections at Monte Santa Giusta and Punta del Lavatoio, North‐west Sardinia (Italy), referred to the Muschelkalk and Keuper lithofacies group, are revisited and their trace fossil content is investigated for the first time. A combined ichnological and sedimentological study reveals insights into the depositional environments, regional context, palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy. The results indicate deposition on a homoclinal carbonate ramp with broad facies belts. All recognized trace fossils are also known from time‐equivalent deposits of Germany and thus indicate a close affinity between the North‐west Sardinian Triassic and the Germanic Basin. Only a few trace fossils are particularly abundant and these indicate opportunistic colonization by their producers, which is probably related to restricted endobenthic conditions due to reduced oxygen and/or increased salinity. The trace fossil association can be grouped into a softground suite belonging to the Cruziana ichnofacies, and a firmground suite of the Glossifungites ichnofacies. This discrimination enables an interpretation of the northern Monte Santa Giusta section as a carbonate ramp with extensive tidal flats and abundant carbonate accumulation in a relatively proximal position, whereas the southern Punta del Lavatoio section exhibits broad lagoonal environments with reduced sedimentation in a deeper and more Tethys‐influenced area. The Sardinian sections are ichnologically similar to the Anisian–Ladinian succession known from the Tatra Mountains, but differ from it by having a slightly higher ichnodiversity, which again can be attributed to a less restricted lagoonal environment. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating trace fossil analysis in sedimentological and palaeontological investigations of carbonate systems.  相似文献   

Revision of P-wave Velocity and Thickness of Hydrate Layer in Shenhu Area,South China Sea     

GONG Jianming  ;ZHANG Xunhua  ;ZOU Changchun  ;CHEN Qiang  ;WANG Lichen  ;YUAN Chunfang  ;HU Gaowei  ;JIANG Yubo 《青岛海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,(5):742-746

To revise P-wave velocity and thickness of the hydrate layer in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, acoustic and resistivity logging curves are reanalyzed. The waterlogging phenomenon is found in the shallow sediments of five drilling wells, which causes P-wave velocity to approximate the propagation velocity of sea water（about 1500 m s-1）. This also affects the identification of the hydrate layer and results in the underestimate of its thickness. In addition, because there could be about a 5 m thick velocity ramp above or below the hydrate layer as interpreted by acoustic and resistivity logging curves, the recalibrated thickness of this layer is less than the original estimated thickness. The recalibrated P-wave velocity of the hydrate layer is also higher than the original estimated velocity. For the drilling well with a relatively thin hydrate layer, the velocity ramp plays a more important role in identifying and determining the thickness of the layer.  相似文献   

埕北地区沙河街组缓坡带沉积体系     

赵瞻  李勇  丘东洲  肖敦清  袁淑琴  孙晓霞  陈蓉  刘子玉 《沉积与特提斯地质》2007,27(2):88-93

埕北地区古近系沙河街组为以缓坡沉积相带为主的断阶带。在构造、地层、沉积相、物源进行分析的基础上,划分了6个三级层序;在地层等时格架对比和物源区分析的基础上,建立了以碎屑岩缓坡沉积相带为主的沉积体系,确定了缓坡辫状河三角洲、滨浅湖滩坝、浊积扇3种类型的缓坡带有利储集体。  相似文献   

论河北省兴隆一带东西向走滑断裂系统     

张新虎  宋鸿林 《地质通报》1997,(2)

河北省兴隆县一带地处燕山造山带的中段，是中生代构造变形的典型地区。该区广泛发育了东西向和北东向联合构造，东西向主走滑断裂呈右行右阶式（Ｐ断裂），北东向次级构造由北盘的雁列式褶皱、分枝断裂及南盘次级断裂等组成。燕山台褶带变形是由尚义─平泉断裂和密云─洪山口断裂在侏罗纪时发生右行走滑形成的，其间的剪切变形带，总体特征类似于一个大型Ｓ─Ｃ构造或平面对冲构造。区内古基底断裂不仅控制中晚元古代的沉积地层和岩浆活动，而且对中生代的构造变形方式也产生重要作用。主走滑断裂与古基底断裂的复活有直接的关系  相似文献   

High-frequency cycles in the upper Aptian carbonates of the Organyà basin,NE spain     

M. Bachmann  H. Willems 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):586-605

High-frequency cycles in Upper Aptian carbonates have been studied on the carbonate ramp of Organyà (southeastern Pyrenees). The depositional area comprises a shallow marine to deeper marine transect. A detailed facies model is developed subdividing the transect into an inner ramp area (above fairweather wave base), a mid-ramp area (between fairweather wave base and storm wave base) and an outer ramp area (below storm wave base). Based on microfacies analysis a cyclostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic interpretation is established. Variations of the sedimentary patterns within different sections of the homoclinal ramp are due mainly to sea level changes. Sea level changes of third and fourth order are reflected by the shifting of the shallow subtidal facies belts up and down the ramp. The study of fifth-order sea level changes is based on statistical methods (quantitative facies analysis and principal component analysis). The ratio of the fourth- and fifth-order cycles is very similar to the well-known ratio of the eccentricity (100 ka) and the precession (18.6/22.5 ka). The absolute age values derived from the cyclostratigraphy fit into the biostratigraphic framework. Thus, a global eustatic control is assumed to be responsible for the cycles of higher frequency. The lower frequency third-order sequences, however, were considerably influenced by local tectonic processes.  相似文献   

应用化石群落生态学研究分析黄石地区栖霞组沉积环境   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

颜佳新  赵锡文  杜远生 《沉积与特提斯地质》1996,16(4):40-49

湖北省黄石地区栖霞组出露良好，化石丰富，是化石古生态分析的理想地区。通过化石统计、化石形态功能分析、埋藏学分析和围岩沉积学研究，本区栖霞组中共识别出五个化石群落（从下往上）：①Ｃｒｕｒｉｔｈｙｒｉｓ－Ｏｒｔｈｏｔｅｔｉｎａ（ＣＯ）群落；②Ｓｃｈｕｃｈｅｒｔｅｌｌａ－Ｓｐｏｎｇｅ（ＳＳ）群落；③Ｈａｙａｓａｋａｉａ（Ｈ）群落。④Ｓｐｏｕｓｅ（Ｓ）群落和⑤Ｔｙｌｏｐｌｅｃｔａ－Ｐａｒａｃａｎｉｎｉａ（ＴＰ）群落。化石群落及岩相特点在纵向上和横向上的一致变化，表明本区栖霞组形成于一南高北低的缓坡沉积环境，整个栖霞组为一大的海侵序列构成，各种化石群落和岩相的发展演化均是在这一缓坡沉积背景下形成的。  相似文献   

金沙江龙蟠断陷谷地与河床覆盖层的成因初探     

谭儒蛟  胡瑞林  徐文杰 《工程地质学报》2008,16(1):1-5

通过河床钻孔并结合野外踏勘,确定了隐伏的龙蟠断裂在宽谷的切错位置,指出古龙蟠谷地是在上新世末早更新世初由龙蟠断裂发生逆断走滑和白汉场断裂的正断左旋并伴随断块的垂直升降活动而形成。河床覆盖层由现代金沙江冲积层和下伏的一套古湖相堆积物组成,其中古湖相堆积具有明显的分层性,由底往上可划分为冰缘冻融泥流堆积物、含泥质的灰绿色细砂和黄褐色粉土层、崩坡积和冲洪积加积物、灰绿色淤泥质碎石土层,结合区域性地质环境演化背景,认为它们是受中更新世时期本区间歇性山体抬升和冰川活动等新构造运动影响的不同沉积环境下的产物,从而清晰地揭示了河床深厚覆盖层的成因,为认识金沙江宽谷河段发育史提供了极其重要的信息。  相似文献