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91.
Among the second-order effects on friction the most important are those of variable normal stress and of slip velocity. Velocity weakening, which is usually considered the source of the stick-slip instability in rock friction, has been observed in velocity stepping experiments with Westerly granite. The friction change, , was –0.01 to –0.008 for a tenfold velocity increase. Using normal closure measurements, we observed dilation upon each increase in sliding rate. We also observed, for the first time, time-dependent closure between surfaces during static loading. The dilation that occurred during the velocity stepping experiment was found to be that expected from the static time-dependent closure phenomenon. This change in closure was used to predict friction change with an elastic contact model. The calculated friction change which results from a change in contact area and asperity interlocking, is in good agreement with the observed velocity dependence of steady-state friction. Variable normal stress during sliding has two effects, first in creating new partial slip contacts and locking some existing fully sliding contacts and second in increasing interlocking, for instance when normal load is suddenly increased. As a result, a transient change in friction occurs upon a sudden change in normal load. 相似文献
92.
Stefan M. Luthi 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(2):181-196
The texture of digital rock images, as recorded, for instance, with borehole imaging devices, is shown to reflect different bedding types. Textural segmentation of borehole images, therefore, subdivides the recorded sequence into bedding units. We show that a textural segmentation algorithm based on the concept of texture energy achieves good results when compared with synthetic as well as real data in which petroleum geologists have performed zonations on cores. Texture energy involves filtering of the original image with a set of texture sensitive masks. The filtering is done as a finite convolution over the size of the masks. On the resulting images the variance is computed over a relatively large sliding window, which, in its practical implementation, covers the full width of the image. The resulting nine one-dimensional curves are then clustered hierarchically into a user-determined number of image texture or lithological bedding classes. Principal component analysis previous to clustering can be used to reduce redundancy in the data. A recurring and relatively ill-defined problem in this field are macro-textures, i.e., the cyclic interbedding of two or more bedding types. We show that sliding Fourier transforms and variable mask scale can successfully address the zonation of macro-textures. In general, the method gives best results with mask sizes equivalent to 2–4 centimeters, reflecting the length scale at which the investigated geological bedding seems to have its highest variation. 相似文献
93.
“Tripoli”的含义及译名的讨论 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
“Tripoli”是一种新型的石英质工业矿物原料,在我国长期被误译为硅藻土,影响地质部门对这一新矿种的认识和寻找。本文追溯了“Tripoli”一名的由来,正确地阐述了“Tripoli”的本质特征,分析了在国内文献中长期被误译的根源,指明了其正确含义,并建议废除各种不正确的中译名,译为“粉石英”。 相似文献
94.
为研究天环坳陷北段下古生界天然气成藏规律,利用探井资料和有机地球化学方法,评价了天环坳陷北段奥陶系烃源岩特征并恢复其成熟演化史。天环坳陷北段奥陶系乌拉力克组和克里摩里组烃源岩有机碳含量和生烃潜量相对较高,烃源岩有机质丰度以中等—好为主,少部分为差烃源岩;三道坎组和桌子山组烃源岩以差为主。干酪根组分鉴定表明,天环坳陷北段奥陶系烃源岩主要为Ⅱ1~Ⅰ型干酪根,热演化程度高,处于生干气阶段。成熟演化史模拟显示,古生代—中生代早期地温梯度低,地层埋藏浅,烃源岩成熟演化程度低。燕山期,由于构造热事件,地温梯度迅速升高,早白垩世烃源岩经历的最高温度超过200℃,达到生气高峰期,早白垩世是油气成藏的主要时期。早白垩世之后,鄂尔多斯盆地整体抬升,地温梯度减小,生烃作用停止。 相似文献
95.
T. L. Chelidze H. Spetzler I. C. Getting Z. A. Avaliani 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,134(1):31-43
The elastic properties of a physical model representing a damaged rock matrix were studied using a square lattice deformed under tensile stress. The elastic modulusM of such a system varies in agreement with percolation theory as|x–x
c
|
f
, wherex is the damage parameter andx
c
the threshold value of the damage parameter,f3.6. Atxx
c
the scale dependence ofM can be expressed asML
–f/v
, whereL is the size of the sample andv the correlation exponent in percolation theory.The experimental results are of interest in assessing elastic properties in earthquake focal zones and fault zones in general. 相似文献
96.
Interaction between slab-derived melt and mantle peridotite and the role of slab melt as a metasomatizing agent in the sub-arc mantle is being increasingly recognized. Adakite, the slab melt erupted on the surface, usually exhibits anomalously high MgO, CaO, Cr and Ni contents that indicate interaction with mantle peridotitite. Here we note that Cenozoic adakites have Na2O contents below 5.8 wt.% with ∼95% samples lower than 5.0 wt.%, and are generally depleted in this component relative to experimental basalt partial melts (mostly beyond 5.0 wt.% and up to 9.0 wt.% Na2O) produced under 1.5-3.0 GPa conditions that are most relevant to adakite production. We interpret the adakite Na depletion to be also a consequence of the melt / rock reaction that takes place within the hot mantle wedge. During ascent and reaction with mantle peridotite, primary adakite melts gain mantle components MgO, CaO, Cr and Ni but lose Na2O, SiO2 and perhaps K2O to the mantle, leading to Na-rich mantle metasomatism. Selective assimilation of predominately mantle clinopyroxene, some spinel and minor olivine at high T/P has been considered to be an important process in producing high-Mg adakites from primary low-Mg slab melts [Killian, R., Stern, C. R., 2002. Constraints on the interaction between slab melts and the mantle wedge from adakitic glass in peridotite xenoliths. Eur. J. Mineral. 14, 25-36]. In such a process, Na depletion in the assimilated melt is the result of dilution due to the increase in melt mass. Phase relationships in the reaction system siliceous melt + peridotite and quantitative calculation suggest that assimilation of mantle clinopyroxene, olivine and spinel and fractional crystallization of sodic amphibole and orthopyroxene, under conditions of moderate T/P and increasing melt mass, is also an important process that modifies the composition of adakites and causes the Na depletion. 相似文献
97.
98.
对PDC钻头冠部形状及不同的布齿密度和切削齿在不同的磨损状态下对PDC钻头切削齿受力的影响进行了分析;用相邻的3个切削齿之间的关系(不同的切削齿与切削齿之间的径向距离和切削齿之间的高度差)来分析PDC钻头冠部形状和切削齿布齿密度对切削齿受力的影响,以及将切削齿的磨损状态简化成与切削齿在钻头上装配方向垂直的平面来分析切削齿磨损状态对切削齿受力的影响。 相似文献
99.
北京市深基坑工程中土钉墙支护技术应用比较广泛,对于边坡变形要求严格的基坑,采用土钉墙与预应力锚杆联合支护技术可有效控制变形,结合工程实例,介绍了该技术的设计思路及应用过程,说明了该技术的适用性,并就施工中遇到的问题进行分析,给出相应的处理措施。 相似文献
100.