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161.
从一维湍流能量平衡方程出发,回顾了近几十年湍流能量平衡方程中的各项以及Karman常数k的研究成果,总结了大气边界层湍流能量交换特征的研究概况和热点问题,并对今后发展趋势做了展望。实验研究表明,湍流能量平衡方程中的各项在不同条件下有不同的形式;传统的能量产生和耗散的局地平衡假设存在不足,特别是在不稳定条件下,垂直的湍流输运和压力脉动对湍流能量收支起了非常重要的作用。Karman常数与Rossby数和Reynolds数无关,在比较光滑的下垫面上k近似等于040±001。 相似文献
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165.
基于分层的面状地图符号设计 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
根据面状符号的结构特征和实现机制 ,提出了基于分层的面状地图符号设计方法 ,把面状符号分为若干层 ,每层采用一种填充方式 ,并在基于VC 的Cartosymbol软件中实现。结果表明 ,该方法既便于地理现象的表达 ,又便于计算机实现。 相似文献
166.
Vertical dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of urban lower boundary layer and its relationship with aerosol concentration over Beijing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
By utilizing observational data from a 325 m tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on March 19-29, 2001 and August 11-25, 2003, a comprehensive study was conducted on the vertical dynamical and thermodynamic characteristics of the urban lower boundary layer (ULBL) and its relationship with aerosol concentration over Beijing. Firstly, a comparative analysis was made on the gradient data (wind, temperature and humidity), ultrasonic data (atmospheric turbulences) and air-quality observations at different tower heights (47, 120 and 280 m). Secondly, a diagnosis was made to reveal the major features of normalized variances of velocity and temperature, turbulence kinetic energy as well as their relationship with aerosol concentrations. Furthermore, the characteristics of the ULBL vertical structure and the TSP concentration/distribution variations during a sand/dust weather process were also analyzed. The outcome of the study showed that under unstable stratification, the normalized variances of velocity (σu/u*, σv/u*, σw/u*) and temperature (σT/T*) at 47 and 120 m heights fit the Monin-Obukhov similarity (MOS) framework and the fitting formulas were given out accordingly. According to the stratification parameter (z′/L), the stable ULBL could be divided into 2 zones. With z′/L<0.1, it was a weakly stable zone and MOS framework was applicable. The other was a highly stable zone with z′/L>0.1 and the normalized velocity variances tended to increase along with higher stability, but it remained constant for normalized temperature variances. At daytime, the near-surface layer includes two heights of 47 and 120 m, while 280 m has been above it. The ULBL analysis in conjunction with a sand/dust weather process in Beijing in March 2001 indicated that the maximum concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) at 320 m reached 913.3 μg/m3 and the particles were transported from the upper to lower ULBL, which was apparently related to the development process of a low-level jet and its concomitant strong sinking motion. 相似文献
167.
致密砂岩的形成机制及其地质意义——以塔里木盆地英南2井为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
砂质岩的孔隙和喉道被网格状粘土矿物和次生加大矿物充填成微细孔喉状结构时,形成具有较高毛细管压力的致密砂岩。它与地层水发生水锁效应,可大大降低渗透率,成为致密砂岩盖层。当含水饱和度在50%以下时,束缚水饱和度比较低,致密砂岩储层可以产气;当含水饱和度在50%~90%区间时,具有较高的束缚水饱和度,相对渗透率非常低,它既不能产气也不能产水,反映为渗透率瓶颈区(具有盖层性质);当含水饱和度大于90%以上时,致密砂岩储层仅微量产水。塔里木盆地英南2井侏罗系气藏盖层由致密砂岩构成,不含水时的气体渗透率在(0.027~0.081)×10-3μm2,不能构成封堵;当含水饱和度达到60%以上时,相对渗透率几乎为零,构成有效盖层。 相似文献
168.
Intrusion and its implication for subsidence: A case from the Baiyun Sag, on the northern margin of the South China Sea 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
We develop a series of simple numerical models to explain the anomalous subsidence and deposition phenomena on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, in particular in the Baiyun Sag. The results suggest that a short-period high rate deposition of around 17 Ma is related to a rapid subsidence event, which may be due to episodic emplacement of a dense intrusion. Necking and gravity models indicate that in the basement of the Baiyun Sag, there is a dense zone that is 100–200 kg/m3 more dense than the surrounding country rock. Considering its high magnetic intensity and regional igneous activity, the dense zone is thought to be related to a phase of basalt intrusion that may have taken place around 17 Ma. Thermal and subsidence models indicate that a hot denser intrusion can cause significant subsidence immediately after the intrusion. The subsidence rate then slows down with cooling, thus becoming consistent with the observed subsidence curves at around 17 Ma. The results also indicate that the lithospheric strength under the Baiyun Sag is negligible, and that the high-velocity layer in the lowermost crust may be not an original part of the pre-rift crust. Instead, it is thought to be underplated intrusion emplaced at around 30 Ma when the continental margin broke up. 相似文献
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170.
D. Shankar S. S. C. Shenoi R. K. Nayak P. N. Vinayachandran G. Nampoothiri A. M. Almeida G. S. Michael M. R. Ramesh Kumar D. Sundar O. P. Sreejith 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(5):459-474
Hydrographic observations in the eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) during summer monsoon 2002 (during the first phase of the Arabian
Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX)) include two approximately fortnight-long CTD time series. A barrier layer was observed occasionally
during the two time series. These ephemeral barrier layers were caused byin situ rainfall, and by advection of low-salinity (high-salinity) waters at the surface (below the surface mixed layer). These barrier
layers were advected away from the source region by the West India Coastal Current and had no discernible effect on the sea
surface temperature. The three high-salinity water masses, the Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW), Persian Gulf Water
(PGW), and Red Sea Water (RSW), and the Arabian Sea Salinity Minimum also exhibited intermittency: they appeared and disappeared
during the time series. The concentration of the ASHSW, PGW, and RSW decreased equatorward, and that of the RSW also decreased
offshore. The observations suggest that the RSW is advected equatorward along the continental slope off the Indian west coast. 相似文献