生物迁移思想的起源与发展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

徐炳川 《地质力学学报》1995,1(3):89-96

生物迁移命题是由达尔文(1859)提出来的。他在《物种起源)一书中认为,一个物种只能有一个起源中心;在条件允许的前提下,它会从这个中心迁移到力所能及的地区。然而,当布克曼(1922)的"迁移炮弹"理论问世之后,迁移研究几乎陷于停顿状态差不多50年。李四光是在"迁移炮弹"阴影下,依然坚持迁移观点的少数科学家之一。越来越多的事实证明了达尔文迁移思想的强大生命力。屡见不鲜的化石"穿时"现象和时代差异,大量的生物地理新资料,使人们从不可知论的桎梏中逐渐解脱出来。特别是80年代以来,由于地壳运动理论研究的新需求,以及大陆漂移和海水进退规程研究的新进展,掀起了重新认识迁移的高潮。作者依据自己的积累和前人的研究成果认为,迁移的研究方法可概括为:最低层位的地理追索方法、演化程序的地理追索方法和相应环境的追索方法。迁移如同演化,在达尔文力的全弥漫作用(All pervadins action)下时刻在进行着。迁移与其说是生物自身的一种能力,倒不如说是环境给予的一种机会。迁移造就并维系着丰富多彩的自然生态系统。迁移研究必将发展而形成一门新的学科--古生物迁移学(Palaeobiomigratology)。生物迁移思想是与地质力学的诞生和发展共存的。李四光(1927,1928)在研究海水进退规程时,曾列举了伴随海水南北方向的运动,生物作相应迁移的许多事实。生物迁移和海水运动,是性质完全不同的两种运动,其间必然存在着一个联系两者的中间环节;这个环节被李四光(1962)暗示为气候的变化,或两者共同导源于地球自转的不均衡。   相似文献   

Relations between free copper and salinity, dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde, Netherlands     

L. J. A. Gerringa  H. Hummel  T. C. W. Moerdijk-Poortvliet 《Journal of Sea Research》1998,40(3-4)

In a previous investigation, relatively simple relations were found to estimate free Cu, and hence a good approximation of bio-available Cu, at two sites in estuarine waters of the Dutch Oosterschelde and Westerschelde. In the present study, these relations are validated for the remainder of the two sea arms. In the Westerschelde the relation between the concentration of a dissolved organic ligand (K=10¹³), DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and salinity is valid in a range of salinities at least from 10 up to 25 to 30. This ligand group is primarily riverine and partly estuarine. It is, as far as we know, the strongest ligand for Cu, and its concentration dominantly affects the free Cu ion concentrations, which are around 50 fM. At high salinities, dilution and mineralisation diminish the riverine member of the ligand group too much and the relation with salinity and DOC is no longer valid. In the Oosterschelde the relations between POC (particulate organic carbon) and particulate Cu and between POC and the ratio of particulate and dissolved Cu are valid for the western, central and eastern compartments. Since equilibrium was assumed to exist between dissolved and particulate Cu, free Cu can be calculated from POC and particulate Cu concentrations. Due to the large adsorption capacity of POC, the Oosterschelde is with respect to Cu a very well-buffered system with [Cu²⁺] of 20 fM.  相似文献   

Succession,palaeoecology, evolution,and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves,Northern Appalachian Basin,USA     

R. M. C. Eagar  E. S. Belt 《Geological Journal》2003,38(2):109-143

Seventeen horizons of non‐marine bivalves are described within the Appalachian succession from the base of the Pottsville Group of Westphalian A‐B age to the Uniontown coal of Stephanian C age at the top of the Carboniferous System. A new highly variable fauna of Anthraconaia from the roof shales of the Upper Freeport coal near Kempton, west Maryland, dates from late Westphalian D or very early Cantabrian time, on the evidence of non‐marine shells and megafloras. Below this horizon, the Appalachian sequence reveals zones of Anthraconauta phillipsii and Anthraconauta tenuis in the same order as in Britain, whereas faunas of Anthraconaia of these zones are less common and differ from those of Britain. In all horizons above the Upper Freeport coal all non‐marine bivalve faunas consist of stages in the sequences of two natural species, the groups of Anthraconaia prolifera and Anthraconaia puella‐saravana. The first shows evidence of having lived in well‐oxygenated, probably shallow, fresh water conditions of relatively wide extent. The second group lived preferentially in a plant‐rich environment of relatively stagnant fresh water. Both groups are found in horizons associated with coal seams and may be seen together in the same habitats, but diagrams of variation (pictographs) suggest that there was no interbreeding between the two groups in either the Northern Appalachians or in southern Germany where the species split was first recognized. In the northern Spanish coalfields of Guardo‐Valderrueda and Central Asturia, facies evidence suggests how an initial split may have taken place in the same morphological directions and into the same palaeoenvironments as the later split into two species. Appalachian deposition was generally slow and intermittent with frequent palaeosols. There is also evidence of erosion and of small palaeontological breaks in the sequence, especially near the eastern edge of the Northern Appalachian Basin in western Maryland. The amount of accumulated sediment was less than one‐tenth of that of western Europe when basin centre deposition is compared. We found no evidence of a major palaeontological break representing Westphalian D strata overlain by Stephanian C strata. We figure non‐marine bivalve faunas of Stephanian B age in association with the Pittsburgh and the Little Pittsburgh coals. Two new species of non‐marine bivalves are described: Anthraconaia anthraconautiformis sp. nov. and Anthraconaia extrema sp. nov. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

美国罗德河流域地下水中铝形成动力学     

毕树平  David L. Correll 《湖泊科学》1998,10(S1):309-314

In the Rhode River estuarine/watershed area, increased acidity of precipitation from atmospheric acidic deposition has deleterious effects on the freshwater ecosystems. One of the characteristics of an acidic watershed is the mobilization of aluminum from soils to aquatic environment. Increased concentrations of aluminum in surface waters are toxic to living organisms. Detection of long-term changes of acidity and elevated Al concentrations in surface and soil waters is a central issue. In this present paper, the dynamics ofAl speciation in the shallow ground waters from Rhode River watershed 110 (la) were investigated. This research provides a unique, regional analysis of important controls on the transport of Al speciation through the rural watershed of the Chesapeake Bay.  相似文献   

珠江河口及近海水体中铜的水平和形态分布     

龙爱民  陈绍勇  刘胜 《海洋通报》2004,23(3):35-40

对夏季(2002-07)和冬季(2003-01)航次中珠江河口及近海水域样品中金属铜的总含量以及总溶解态、颗粒态、游离态铜含量进行对比分析。结果发现,夏季铜的总浓度水平分布并非完全体现陆源性规律,而是随河口向外海递增。而在冬季,总铜浓度的空间变化呈现和夏季完全相反的趋势,即随河口向外海逐渐降低。说明研究水域中金属铜可能具有其他来源,同时在很大程度上受到夏季沿岸上升流的影响。但是,游离态铜的分布在冬季和夏季却呈现相同的趋势,即自河口向外海逐渐降低。说明铜的形态分布在更大程度上取决于水体的理化性质。  相似文献   

渤海海区无机硒的形态及其分布   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

姚庆祯  张经 《海洋与湖沼》2004,35(3):221-229

1998年9月利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱测试方法对渤海中央海区共8个断面30个站位的无机硒进行了测定。结果表明,渤海无机硒总量、Se4^ 含量的变化范围分别为0.73-2.57nmol／L、0.18-0.72nmol／L,平均含量分别为1.31nmol／L和0.47nmol／L;Se^4 ／Se^6 比值的平均值为0.68。渤海无机硒的含量与大洋水相当,无机硒主要以Se^6 为主。黄河对渤海的贡献非常明显,为渤海无机硒的主要来源之一。渤海无机硒的平面分布存在明显的梯度,沿岸向中央海区递减,垂直分布较均匀,表、底层差别不大。渤海无机硒的分布明显受两个水团的影响：一个是来自黄河的冲淡水,另一个是从渤海海峡北部进入的黄海水团。  相似文献   

川西高原地区岩石中硒的地球化学特征和影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨妍萍  刘晓端  刘久臣  汤奇峰  孟拓  朱晓华 《岩矿测试》2020,39(1):115-126

川西高原土壤、水体等多种介质研究表明,该地区的硒含量偏低,天然土壤剖面硒为0.06～0.16μg/g,表层土壤中硒含量为0.075～0.204μg/g,沉积物中硒含量为0.069～0.310μg/g,地表水中硒含量为nd～0.096μg/L,地下水中硒含量为nd～0.058μg/L,均低于我国相应环境介质中硒的平均含量,影响到当地人体健康。本文采集川西高原地区80件岩石样品,同时采集6套岩心样品,这些样品主要以板岩、砂岩、灰岩和页岩为主。采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定硒含量,研究川西高原阿坝地区岩石与岩心样品中硒的地球化学特征和低硒的影响因素。结果表明:岩石硒含量范围为0.030～0.282μg/g,平均值0.09μg/g,低于硒土壤背景值。不同类型岩石中的硒含量大小为:页岩灰岩板岩砂岩。岩石中硒含量在不同地区也表现出较大的差异:松潘阿坝壤塘马尔康九寨沟若尔盖红原,可能是受到岩石类型及有机质和地质环境的影响所致。岩心各剖面的硒含量最小值为0.02～0.07μg/g,最大值为0.21～0.34μg/g,平均值为0.06～0.17μg/g,各钻孔的硒含量明显低于硒的地壳丰度。本研究认为,硒的分布受地质环境、有机质、岩石致密性等条件限制,低硒的地质环境是导致岩石中的硒含量较低的最主要因素。  相似文献   

贵州草海湿地不同水位梯度沉积物中汞、砷形态分布及风险评价     

汤向宸  林陶  夏品华  黄先飞  马莉  杨羽 《湖泊科学》2020,32(1):100-110

通过改进Tessier连续提取法对贵州草海黑颈鹤栖息地不同水位梯度下沉积物汞(Hg)、砷(As)形态及生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,草海湿地沉积物中Hg含量在0.45～1.51-mg/kg之间,超过国家土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险管控标准;形态组成上,残渣态汞(Res-Hg)有机结合态汞(Org-Hg)碳酸盐结合态(Car-Hg)铁锰氧化态(Fe-O-Hg)可交换态(Ex-Hg),不同水位梯度下含量和赋存形态在不同区域不一致.As含量在16.4～23.8-mg/kg之间,形态依次为残渣态砷(Res-As)有机结合态砷(Org-As)铁锰氧化态砷(Fe-O-As)碳酸盐结合态砷(Car-As)可交换态砷(Ex-As).-As含量与贵州省土壤背景值持平,随着水位梯度的抬升,其总量呈增加趋势,残渣态占比逐步增多,性质逐渐稳定.采用地积累指数(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险指数(E_r~i)、风险评价编码法(RAC)对Hg、As的危害程度进行分析表明,基于草海较高Hg环境背景值,Hg整体污染风险较高,As处于低水平的污染风险等级且对环境影响较小.该研究揭示了不同水位梯度下Hg、As总量及形态分布特征,对草海湿地水位抬升恢复湿地提供了参考.  相似文献   

与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝形态分布的计算机模拟     

刘锋  毕树平  汤伟 《湖泊科学》2000,12(4):311-320

基于热力学平衡计算,用计算机模拟研究了与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的形态分布,讨论了影响铝莆态分布的各种因素,同三水铝石固相平衡相比,与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中,铝的形态分布与溶解硅酸的浓度密度相关,聚合态铝浓度较低,总溶解铝浓度明湿减小约２个数量级,模型被用于实际水样的分析,所得结果与实验值符合较好,最后用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟考察了由于平衡常数的选择而带来的不确定性。  相似文献   

Spatial distribution and behavior of dissolved selenium speciation in the South China Sea and Malacca Straits during spring inter-monsoon period     

Wanwan Cao  Yan Chang  Shan Jiang  Jian Li  Zhenqiu Zhang  Jie Jin  Jianguo Qu  Guosen Zhang  Jing Zhang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(8):1-2

Selenium(Se) has been recognized as a key trace element that is associated with growth of primary producers in oceans. During March and May 2018, surface water(67 samples) was collected and measured by HG-ICP-MS to investigate the distribution and behavior of selenite [Se(IV)], selenate [Se(VI)] and dissolved organic selenides(DOSe) concentrations in the Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE), South China Sea(SCS) and Malacca Straits(MS). It showed that Se(IV)(0.14–3.44 nmol/L) was the dominant chemical species in the ZRE, related to intensive manufacture in the watershed; while the major species shifted to DOSe(0.05–0.79 nmol/L) in the MS, associated with the wide coverage of peatland and intensive agriculture activities in the Malaysian Peninsula. The SCS was identified as the northern and southern sections(NSCS and SSCS) based on the variations of surface circulation.The insignificant variation of Se(IV) in the NSCS and SSCS was obtained in March, potentially resulting from the high chemical activity and related preferential assimilation by phytoplankton communities. Contrastively, the lower DOSe concentrations in the SSCS likely resulted from higher primary production and utilization during March. During May, the concentration of Se(IV) remained low in the NSCS and SSCS, while DOSe concentrations increased notably in the SSCS, likely due to the impact of terrestrial inputs from surface current reversal and subsequent accumulation. On a global scale, DOSe is the dominant Se species in tropical oceans, while Se(IV) and Se(VI) are major fractions in high-latitude oceans, resulting from changes in predominated phytoplankton and related biological assimilation.  相似文献