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辽宁省是我国水土流失较为严重的省份之一。依据省内各市县水土流失面积占总面积的百分比及地形地貌等地质条件，将其划分为极严重区(>55％),严重区(40％～55％),中度区(25％～40％)及轻度区(＜25%)四个水土流失程度区。严重的水土流失不仅造成水土资源的损失与环境破坏，导致农业生产环境恶化，生态平衡失调，洪涝灾害频发，而且影响各业生产和发展。1996年与1986年的水土流失量对比结果表明，经过10年来的综合治理，水土流失强度和面积都明显降低和减少。 相似文献
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Katharine Vincent Andrew J. Dougill Lindsay C. Stringer Tracy Cull 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):189-202
The importance of climate services, i.e. providing targeted, tailored, and timely weather and climate information, has gained momentum, but requires improved understanding of user needs. This article identifies the opportunities and barriers to the use of climate services for planning in Malawi, to identify the types of information that can better inform future adaptation decisions in sub-Saharan Africa. From policy analysis, stakeholder interviews, and a national workshop utilizing serious games, it is determined that only 5–10 day and seasonal forecasts are currently being used in government decision making. Impediments to greater integration of climate services include spatial and temporal scale, accessibility, timing, credibility and the mismatch in timeframes between planning cycles (1–5 years) and climate projections (over 20 years). Information that could more usefully inform planning decisions includes rainfall distribution within a season, forecasts with 2–3 week lead times, likely timing and location of extreme events in the short term (1–5 years), and projections (e.g. rainfall and temperature change) in the medium term (6–20 years). Development of a national set of scenarios would also make climate information more accessible to decision makers, and capacity building around such scenarios would enable its improved use in short- to medium-term planning. Improved climate science and its integration with impact models offer exciting opportunities for integrated climate-resilient planning across sub-Saharan Africa. Accrual of positive impacts requires enhanced national capacity to interpret climate information and implement communication strategies across sectors.Policy relevanceFor climate services to achieve their goal of improving adaptation decision making, it is necessary to understand the decision making process and how and when various types of weather and climate information can be incorporated. Through a case study of public sector planning in Malawi, this article highlights relevant planning and policy-making processes. The current use of weather and climate information and needs, over various timescales – sub-annual to short term (1–5 years) to medium term (6–20 years) – is outlined. If climate scientists working with boundary organizations are able to address these issues in a more targeted, sector-facing manner they will improve the uptake of climate services and the likelihood of climate-resilient decisions across sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
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2003年夏季中国江南异常高温的分析研究 总被引：36，自引：6，他引：30
2003年夏季在中国江南出现了大范围异常高温天气,无论其绝对高温值、还是持续时间之长都创下了历史记录,给工农业生产及人民生活造成巨大损失.作者对异常高温发生的直接原因及其可能机制进行了初步分析,发现西太平洋副热带高压的极度持续偏强和西伸是直接原因,而西太平洋副热带高压形势的持续异常是多系统综合作用的结果.初步分析表明,热带太平洋一印度洋海温、中西太平洋跨赤道气流异常、平流层过程以及全球增暖的背景条件是其重要机制. 相似文献
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对强渗透性地层旋挖钻进成孔混凝土灌注桩质量通病进行了分析,总结此类地层必须重视泥浆护壁质量对混凝土灌注桩施工质量的重大影响,必须重视钻斗的活塞抽吸对孔壁的破坏性,建议其验收标准中增加泥浆护壁质量验收,重视清孔后的孔径验收,不可完全沿用与旋挖钻孔泥浆护壁效果有着天壤区别的回转钻、潜水钻成孔混凝土灌注桩的质量验收标准。 相似文献
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华北地区夏季旱涝的时空分布特征及其与北极海冰的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用了1951—1999年6—8月华北地区17个站点的降水资料，利用Z指数作为旱涝指标，确定出该区域的严重涝年为1954、1956、1963、1964、1971、1973和1996年；严重旱年为1968、1972、1983、1986、1989、1992、1997和1999年。分析了华北地区夏季旱涝的年代际变化特征，然后对该地区49a的z指数场进行EOF分析，讨论了华北地区夏季旱涝的空间分布特征。最后分析了华北夏季降水与春季北极海冰的关系，结果表明华北夏季降水与春季北极海冰呈正相关关系。春季北极海冰面积偏大(小)，当年夏季华北大部分地区偏涝(旱)。 相似文献
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Edmund Penning-Rowsell Peter Floyd David Ramsbottom Suresh Surendran 《Natural Hazards》2005,36(1-2):43-64
This paper presents an outline methodology and an operational framework for assessing and mapping the risk of death or serious harm to people from flooding, covering death and physical injuries as a direct and immediate consequence of deep and/or fast flowing floodwaters (usually by drowning), and deaths and physical injuries associated with the flood event (but occurring in the immediate aftermath). The main factors that affect death or injury to people during floods include flow velocity, flow depth, and the degree to which people are exposed to the flood. The exposure potential is related to such factors as the “suddenness” of flooding (and amount of flood warning), the extent of the floodplain, people’s location on the floodplain, and the character of their accommodation. In addition, risks to people are affected by social factors including their vulnerability and behaviour. A methodology is described for estimating the likely annual number of deaths/injuries. This is based on defining zones of different flood hazard and, for each zone, estimating the total number of people located there, the proportion that are likely to be exposed to a flood, and the proportion of those exposed who are likely to be injured or killed during a flood event. The results for each zone are combined to give an overall risk for each flood cell and/or community. The objective of the research reported here is to develop a method which could be applied using a map-based approach in which flood risks to people are calculated and displayed spatially for selected areas or communities. The information needed for each part of the process is described in the paper, and the further research to provide the required information is identified. 相似文献