STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND VALUES IN CHINA     

缪天成  王惠琪  郑春江 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1991,1(4):306-315

An investigation on environmental background values was made in an area of about 1,140,000 km2, which included temperate and subtropical zones of China. The environmental background values of 142 soil environment units, 18 main soil types, 87 surface water environment units, 8 aquatic organism environment units and 20 underground water environment units were obtained. The rules, causes and effecting factors of regional differentiation of the environmental background values were deduced from over 200,000 various data.  相似文献   

水生动物热休克蛋白研究进展   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

董云伟  董双林  纪婷婷 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2008,38(1):39-44

由于栖息环境的特殊性,水生动物热休克蛋白的诱导及其生态意义具有不同于陆生动物的特性.本文总结了近年来水生动物热休克蛋白方面的研究进展,介绍热休克蛋白的调节机制及其功能,归纳水生动物热休克蛋白对温度、环境污染和其他因子的反应,着重分析热休克蛋白表达在水生动物中热耐受性和交叉保护中的作用,及其对水生动物分布和适合度的影响.  相似文献   

Assessing the impact of the hydraulic properties of a crusted soil on overland flow modelling at the field scale     

Nane Chahinian  Marc Voltz  Roger Moussa  Gwenn Trotoux 《水文研究》2006,20(8):1701-1722

Soil surface crusts are widely reported to favour Hortonian runoff, but are not explicitly represented in most rainfall‐runoff models. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of soil surface crusts on infiltration and runoff modelling at two spatial scales, i.e. the local scale and the plot scale. At the local scale, two separate single ring infiltration experiments are undertaken. The first is performed on the undisturbed soil, whereas the second is done after removal of the soil surface crust. The HYDRUS 2D two‐dimensional vertical infiltration model is then used in an inverse modelling approach, first to estimate the soil hydraulic properties of the crust and the subsoil, and then the effective hydraulic properties of the soil represented as a single uniform layer. The results show that the crust hydraulic conductivity is 10 times lower than that of the subsoil, thus illustrating the limiting role the crust has on infiltration. Moving up to the plot scale, a rainfall‐runoff model coupling the Richards equation to a transfer function is used to simulate Hortonian overland flow hydrographs. The previously calculated hydraulic properties are used, and a comparison is undertaken between a single‐layer and a double‐layer representation of the crusted soil. The results of the rainfall‐runoff model show that the soil hydraulic properties calculated at the local scale give acceptable results when used to model runoff at the plot scale directly, without any numerical calibration. Also, at the plot scale, no clear improvement of the results can be seen when using a double‐layer representation of the soil in comparison with a single homogeneous layer. This is due to the hydrological characteristics of Hortonian runoff, which is triggered by a rainfall intensity exceeding the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil surface. Consequently, the rainfall‐runoff model is more sensitive to rainfall than to the subsoil's hydrodynamic properties. Therefore, the use of a double‐layer soil model to represent runoff on a crusted soil does not seem necessary, as the increase of precision in the soil discretization is not justified by a better performance of the model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A theory of pressure sensor performance in snow     

Jerome B. Johnson 《水文研究》2004,18(1):53-64

A theory of pressure sensor response in snow is derived and used to examine the sources of measurement errors in snow water equivalent (SWE) pressure sensors. Measurement errors in SWE are caused by differences in the compressibility of the pressure sensor and the adjacent snow layer, which produces a shear stress along the perimeter of the sensor. When the temperature at the base of the snow cover equals 0 °C, differences in the snowmelt rate between the snow–SWE sensor interface and the adjacent snow–soil interface may also produce a shear stress along the sensor's perimeter. This shear stress perturbs the pressure field over the sensor, producing SWE measurement errors. Snow creep acts to reduce shear stresses along the SWE sensor's perimeter at a rate that is inversely proportional to the snow viscosity. For sustained periods of differential snowmelt, a difference in the mass of snow over the sensor compared with the surrounding soil will develop, producing additional permanent errors in SWE measurements. The theory indicates that SWE pressure sensor performance can be improved by designing a sensor with a high Young's modulus (low compressibility), low aspect ratio, large diameter and thermal properties that match those of the surrounding soil. Simulations of SWE pressure sensor errors using the theory are in close agreement with observed errors and may provide a means to correct historical SWE measurements for use in hydrological hindcast or climate studies. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of a hedge surrounding bottomland on seasonal soil‐water movement     

Virginie Caubel  Catherine Grimaldi  Philippe Merot  Michel Grimaldi 《水文研究》2003,17(9):1811-1821

The influence of a hedge surrounding bottomland on soil‐water movement along the hillslope was studied on a plot scale for 28 months. The study was based on the comparison of two transects, one with a hedge, the other without, using mainly a dense grid of tensiometers. The influence of the bottomland hedge was located in the area where tree roots were developed, several metres upslope from the hedge, and could be observed both in the saturated and non‐saturated zone, from May to December. The hedge induced a high rate of soil drying, because of the high evaporative capacity of the trees. We evaluated that water uptake by the hedge during the growing season was at least 100 mm higher than without a hedge. This increased drying rate led to a delayed rewetting of the soils upslope from the hedge in autumn, of about 1 month compared with the situation without a hedge. Several consequences of this delayed rewetting are expected: a delay in the return of subsurface transfer from the hillslope to the riparian zone, a buffering effect of hedges on floods, already observed at the catchment scale, and an increased residence time of pollutants. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

三种海产动物油中高度不饱和脂肪酸的提取     

吴红棉  蒋志红  常德秘 《广东海洋大学学报》1994,(1)

采用低温—盐形成法对蓝圆　Ｓｃｏｍｂｅｒｍｏｒｕｓｎｉｐｈｏｎｉｕｓ（Ｃｕｖｉｅｒ）、马鲛鱼Ｄｅｃａｐｔｅｒｎｓｍａｒｕａｄｓｉ（ＴｅｍｍｉｎｃｋｅｔＳｃｈｌｅｇｅｔ）、海蛇三种海产动物油中高度不饱和脂肪酸进行提取，经皂化、冷冻、过滤、酸化、离心等工序反复处理后，可得碘价为２２０～２５０的高度不饱和脂肪酸混和物。探讨了提取过程中的最适工艺条件，并比较了该三种海产动物脂质中的高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量。  相似文献   

THE CORRESPONDING ANALYSIS OF HEAVY-METAL POLLUTION OF SOIL IN ZHUZHOU CITY   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

尚金城  龙爱民  李斌  姜建祥 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1996,6(2):177-184

ＴＨＥ ＣＯＲＲＥＳＰＯＮＤＩＮＧ ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳ ＯＦ ＨＥＡＶＹ－ＭＥＴＡＬ ＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮ ＯＦ ＳＯＩＬ ＩＮ ＺＨＵＺＨＯＵ ＣＩＴＹ ＳｈａｎｇＪｉｎｃｈｅｎｇ（尚金城）；ＬｏｎｇＡｉｍｉｎ（龙爱民）ＬｉＢｉｎ（李斌）；ＪｉａｎｇＪ...  相似文献   

Using time‐domain reflectometry to characterize shallow solute transport in an oak woodland hillslope in northern California,USA     

Chris G. Campbell  Masoud Ghodrati  Fernando Garrido 《水文研究》2002,16(15):2921-2940

The natural heterogeneity of water and solute movement in hillslope soils makes it difficult to accurately characterize the transport of surface‐applied pollutants without first gathering spatially distributed hydrological data. This study examined the application of time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure solute transport in hillslopes. Three different plot designs were used to examine the transport of a conservative tracer in the first 50 cm of a moderately sloping soil. In the first plot, which was designed to examine spatial variability in vertical transport in a 1·2 m² plot, a single probe per meter was found to adequately characterize vertical solute travel times. In addition, a dye and excavation study in this plot revealed lateral preferential flow in small macropores and a transport pattern where solute is focused vertically into preferential flow pathways. The bypass flow delivers solute deeper in the soil, where lateral flow occurs. The second plot, designed to capture both vertical and lateral flow, provided additional evidence confirming the flow patterns identified in the excavation of the first plot. The third plot was designed to examine lateral flow and once again preferential flow of the tracer was observed. In one instance rapid solute transport in this plot was estimated to occur in as little as 3% of the available pore space. Finally, it was demonstrated that the soil anisotropy, although partially responsible for lateral subsurface transport, may also homogenize the transport response across the hillslope by decreasing vertical solute spreading. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

均质土坡潜在滑面的搜索     

任祥  潘霄  门玉明 《地球科学与环境学报》2002,24(1):46-48

均质土坡潜在滑面的确定 ,是对均质土坡进行稳定性计算的必要前提。传统的以瑞典圆弧法为代表的刚体极限平衡方法 ,虽然能够确定出均质土坡的滑面 ,但工作量较大 ,使用不方便。因此 ,在塑性极限分析方法的基础上 ,提出了一种新的搜索滑面的方法  相似文献   

A classification of drainage and macropore flow in an agricultural catchment     

C. M. Heppell  F. Worrall  T. P. Burt  R. J. Williams 《水文研究》2002,16(1):27-46

This paper uses a variety of multivariate statistical techniques in order to improve current understanding of the antecedent and rainfall controls on drainage characteristics for an agricultural underdrained clay site. Using the dataset obtained from a two‐year hillslope study at Wytham (Oxfordshire, UK) a number of patterns in the nature and style of drainage events were explored. First, using principal components analysis, a distinction was drawn between drainflow controlled by antecedent conditions and drainflow controlled by rainfall characteristics. Dimensional analysis then distinguished between two further types of drainflow event: antecedent limited events (ALE) and non‐antecedent limited events (NALE). These were drainflow events requiring a minimum antecedent hydraulic head to occur (ALE) and events that occurred in response to rainfall irrespective of the antecedent conditions, because the rainfall was either of high enough intensity or duration to prompt a response in drainflow (NALE). 2. The dataset also made possible a preliminary investigation into the controls on and types of macropore flow at the site. Principal components analysis identified that rainfall characteristics were more important than antecedent conditions in generating high proportions of macropore flow in drainflow. Of the rainfall characteristics studied, rainfall amount and intensity were the dominant controls on the amount of macropore flow, with duration as a secondary control. Two styles of macropore flow were identified: intensity‐driven and duration‐driven. Intensity‐driven events are characterized by rainfall of high intensity and short duration. During such events the amount of macropore flow is proportional to the rainfall intensity and the interaction between macropore and matrix flow is kinetically limited. The second style of macropore flow is characterized by long‐duration events. For these events the amount of macropore flow approaches a maximum value whatever the rainfall duration. This suggests that these events are characterized by an equilibrium interaction between macropores and matrix flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献