三峡水库蓄水对库区孕震环境及潜在震源影响研究   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

陈蜀俊  姚运生  曾佐勋 《大地测量与地球动力学》2005,25(3):116-120

三峡水库蓄水对库首区孕震环境影响有多大,是否需要对潜在震源的划分方案及现行地震危险性分析方法做出调整、改进,是一个亟待解决的问题。综合分析了三峡水库蓄水前后形变、重力等同步观测资料;论述了蓄水对库首区孕震环境与潜在震源可能的影响．并提出了一些研究设想。  相似文献   

Evaluation of digital channel network derivation methods in a glaciated subalpine catchment          下载免费PDF全文

Blaine E. Hastings  Stephanie K. Kampf 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(13):1790-1802

The digital elevation model (DEM) has become an essential tool for an increasing array of mountain runoff analyses, particularly the derivation and mapping of stream channel networks. This study examines how well commonly applied DEM‐based channel derivation methods at different spatial resolutions can represent the channel network for a glaciated Rocky Mountain headwater catchment. The specific objectives are to (1) examine how differences in gridded DEM resolution affect spatially distributed values of local slope, specific contributing area, and topographic wetness index derived from both eight and infinite directional flow algorithms, (2) map the actual stream channel network to examine the influence of surface variables on channel initiation, and (3) assess accuracy of DEM‐derived networks compared with the field surveyed network. Results show that for the same contributing area threshold, increasing grid cell size leads to increased channelization of modeled networks. A plot of local slope versus contributing area reveals a negative relationship similar to that of prior studies in un‐glaciated areas but with breaks in slope at contributing areas that are too small to represent thresholds for channelization. Field survey results and evaluation of DEM‐derived channel networks suggest that channel network formation is not clearly related to surface topographic variables at Loch Vale. Digitally derived channel networks do not accurately predict low order channel locations, but approximations of the channel network with drainage density and headward extent of channelization similar to the observed network can be derived with both a 1 m and 10 m DEM using a contributing area threshold of approximately 4x10⁴ m². Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A Lagrangian Stochastic Model for Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer     

James A. Mueller  Fabrice Veron 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,130(2):229-247

The dispersion of heavy particles and pollutants is often simulated with Lagrangian stochastic (LS) models. Although these models have been employed successfully over land, the free surface at the air-sea interface complicates the implementation of traditional LS models. We present an adaptation of traditional LS models to the atmospheric marine boundary layer (MBL), where the bottom boundary is represented by a realistic wavy surface that moves and deforms. In addition, the correlation function for the turbulent flow following a particle is extended to the anisotropic, unsteady case. Our new model reproduces behaviour for Lagrangian turbulence in a stratified air flow that departs only slightly from the expected behaviour in isotropic turbulence. When solving for the trajectory of a heavy particle in the air flow, the modelled turbulent forcing on the particle also behaves remarkably well. For example, the spectrum of the turbulence at the particle location follows that of a massless particle for time scales approximately larger than the Stokes’ particle response time. We anticipate that this model will prove especially useful in the context of sea-spray dispersion and its associated momentum, sensible and latent heat, and gas fluxes between spray droplets and the atmosphere.  相似文献   

Centrifuge modeling of single pile response due to lateral cyclic loading in kaolin clay     

Yuting Zhang  Charles W. W. Ng 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(7):999-1007

In offshore engineering, pile foundations are commonly constructed in marine deposits to support various structures such as offshore platforms. These piles are subjected to lateral cyclic loading due to wind, wave action, and drag load from ships. In this paper, centrifuge model tests are conducted to investigate the response of the existing single piles due to lateral cyclic loading. The cyclic loading was simulated by a hydraulic actuator. It is found that the residual lateral movement and bending strain are induced in the existing pile after each loading–unloading cycle. This is because plastic deformation is induced in the soil surrounding the existing pile during each loading–unloading cycle. By increasing the applied loads during cyclic loading–unloading process, the lateral movements and bending strains induced in the pile head increase simultaneously. As the cyclic loading varies from 10 to 50 kN, the residual pile head movement increases from 40 to 154?mm, and the residual bending strain of the existing pile varies from 100 to 260 με. The ratio of residual to the maximum pile head movements varies from 0.17 to 0.22, while the ratio of residual to the maximum bending strains is in a range of 0.12–0.55.  相似文献   

Effects of Sea Spray Evaporation and Dissipative Heating on Intensity and Structure of Tropical Cyclone     

CHENG Xiaoping  FEI Jianfang  HUANG Xiaogang  ZHENG Jing 《大气科学进展》2012,29(4):810-822

To examine effects of sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating on structure and intensity of a real tropical cyclone,the sea spray flux parameterization scheme was incorporated into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model(MM5).Sensitivity tests were performed with varying the spray source function intensities and with and without dissipation heating.The numerical results indicate that sea spray evaporation increases the interfacial sensible heat flux,which is increased by 16% for the moderate spray and 47% for the heavy spray,but has little effect on the interfacial latent heat flux.The net effect of sea spray evaporation is to decrease the total sensible heat flux and to increase the total latent heat flux.The total enthalpy flux is increased by 1% and 12% with moderate and strong spray amounts,respectively.Consistent with these results,the intensity of the tropical cyclone is increased by 5% and 16% in maximum 10-m wind speed,respectively,due to sea spray evaporation.Sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating modify the tropical cyclone structure in important but complex ways.The effect of sea spray on the near-surface temperature and moisture depends on the spray amounts and its location within the tropical cyclone.Within the high-wind region of a tropical cyclone,the lower atmosphere becomes cooler and moister due to the evaporation of sea spray.However,the dissipative heating offsets the cooling due to sea spray evaporation,which makes the lower atmosphere warmer.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Effect of Sea Spray on Typhoon ＇Morakot＇ Structure     

《高原气象》2012,31(1)

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到高分辨率、非静力中尺度模式中,并对0908号台风＂Morakot＂进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋飞沫对台风＂Morakot＂结构和强度的影响。结果表明：（1）不论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出台风＂Morakot＂的移动路径,说明海洋飞沫对其移动路径影响不大;（2）引入海洋飞沫参数化后,台风眼墙区域的切向风速、径向风速、垂直速度、涡度、云水混合比、雨水混合比等物理量均增强,表明飞沫对台风结构变化的影响明显;（3）海洋飞沫对台风＂Morakot＂演变的直接影响是在对流层低层,低层风速明显增大,大风速区的影响尤为显著;（4）飞沫的蒸发使台风范围内的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,其大值区对应着台风中心附近的最大风速区。由于水汽和热量输送的增强,使台风眼壁附近的云水量与雨水量增多,因此降水强度明显增加。  相似文献   

海洋飞沫对台风“Morakot”结构影响的数值模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王平  陈葆德  曾智华  范广洲 《高原气象》2012,(1):113-125

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到高分辨率、非静力中尺度模式中,并对0908号台风"Morakot"进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"结构和强度的影响。结果表明:(1)不论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出台风"Morakot"的移动路径,说明海洋飞沫对其移动路径影响不大;(2)引入海洋飞沫参数化后,台风眼墙区域的切向风速、径向风速、垂直速度、涡度、云水混合比、雨水混合比等物理量均增强,表明飞沫对台风结构变化的影响明显;(3)海洋飞沫对台风"Morakot"演变的直接影响是在对流层低层,低层风速明显增大,大风速区的影响尤为显著;(4)飞沫的蒸发使台风范围内的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,其大值区对应着台风中心附近的最大风速区。由于水汽和热量输送的增强,使台风眼壁附近的云水量与雨水量增多,因此降水强度明显增加。  相似文献   

Boreal peatland margins as repository sites of long-term natural disturbances of balsam fir/spruce forests     

Martin Lavoie  Louise Filion  lisabeth C. Robert 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(3):295-306

A multidisciplinary, high-resolution paleoecological study (Lepidoptera and plant remains, macroscopic charcoal, pollen) was conducted on a 4000-yr peat monolith extracted from the margin of an ombrotrophic peatland on Anticosti Island (Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada) to reconstruct the long-term natural disturbances (insect outbreaks, forest fires) of a balsam fir/spruce forest. We hypothesized that an activity of insect defoliators (spruce budworm, hemlock looper) was the main disturbance factor of conifer forests during the Late Holocene. The earliest remains of spruce budworm and hemlock looper were found ca. 3220 and 2350 cal yr BP, respectively. Peaks of insect head capsules occurred from ca. 1640 to ca. 625 cal yr BP. Low balsam fir pollen concentrations during this period suggest a lengthy episode ( 1000 yr) of high insect activity, resulting in extensive fir dieback and mortality. The long-term dynamics of the pristine balsam fir/spruce forests were mainly governed by the activity of insect defoliators. The limited extent and possibly the low occurrence of forest fires in the maritime environment of Anticosti Island allowed the development of mature coniferous stands propitious for insect infestations. Insect head capsules appeared to be a useful and effective tool for establishing insect presence and activity during the Holocene.  相似文献   

矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测研究     

王启军  林向东  胡延林  都兴锋 《吉林地质》2009,28(2):99-101

本文通过实例介绍了矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测的基本原理及井下施工技术。实际应用表明,该方法对解决巷道掘进迎头方向的水害隐患及确保巷道安全是一种快捷、有效的勘查手段,可以为煤矿地质保障系统提供重要的技术依据。  相似文献   

基于局域化EnKF同时同化地下水水流和溶质运移数据的渗透系数场识别研究          下载免费PDF全文

曹少华  崔凯鹏  蒋建国  吴吉春 《高校地质学报》2018,24(5):769

局域化改进集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）可以克服EnKF方法在使用小集合时,对参数识别精度较低的缺陷,其能同化 地下水位观测数据有效识别渗透系数场。实际工作中,溶质运移数据也较容易获得。崔凯鹏（2013）尝试增加溶质运移 数据以改进只同化水流数据对渗透系数的估计结果,但是精度提高有限。本文在其基础上修改模型,进一步增加溶质注 入井,探究同时同化水头和溶质运移数据,对渗透系数场识别效果,之后对比了局域化EnKF与非局域化EnKF参数识别结 果,并分析了溶质影响范围与参数识别的关系。结果表明：同时同化溶质运移和水头资料,比同化单一种类观测数据识别 的渗透系数精度更高;相同实现数目下,局域化EnKF比EnKF对渗透系数场的估计结果与真实场更为接近;仅考虑溶质影 响范围内的渗透系数,同化水头数据在最后时刻参数识别结果好于同化溶质运移数据参数识别结果,但差别不大。  相似文献