南华盆地新元古代成冰纪成锰作用及其成矿背景     

付勇  郭川 《地质论评》2021,67(3):67040031-67040031

南华盆地成冰系大塘坡组锰矿是我国最重要的锰矿产地之一,它形成于成冰纪Sturtian冰川事件之后,其成矿背景及形成机理一直是研究的重点。在系统总结Sturtian冰川事件起始与结束时间、南华裂谷盆地结构演化及古气候演变等重大地质事件的最新研究进展的基础上,综合分析了南华盆地大型沉积型锰矿成矿作用过程与这些重大地质事件之间的联系。揭示了南华盆地Sturtian冰期的启动和结束与全球其他地区基本一致,分别发生在~717 Ma和~660 Ma之前。同时,对南华系大塘坡锰矿成矿时代进行了约束,大约形成于~660 Ma之前。在新元古代中期Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的影响下,南华裂谷盆地内部发育一系列由同沉积断层控制的地垒—地堑次级盆地。沿同沉积断层运移的热液流体为大塘坡锰矿的形成提供了大量的成矿物质,并对大塘坡锰矿的发育具有明显的控制作用。化学蚀变指数（CIA）、锂同位素（δ7Li）及锇同位素组成（187Os/188Os）等风化指标显示,南华盆地Sturtian冰期晚期至间冰期大塘坡期早期的气候为寒冷干燥,随后转为温暖湿润并很快变为寒冷干燥。至大塘坡中晚期,气候逐渐由寒冷干燥恢复至温暖湿润,并一直保持至大塘坡晚期。整体来看,Sturtian冰期结束后,南华盆地表层海水逐渐氧化,深部沉积水体出现局部间歇式氧化环境,裂陷阶段热液和陆源输入的Mn2+被氧化为MnO2发生沉淀,并在底部伴随着有机质的埋藏及早期成岩作用而最终形成菱锰矿。  相似文献   

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析     

张华  刘成林  焦鹏程  颜辉  张凡凯  李文学  于咏梅  马宝成  王江  王露莎  胡宇飞  沈立建  姚佛军  郭城  上官栓通  苏野  张云 《地质学报》2021,95(7):2030-2040

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结.将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区.建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位.实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破.罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考.鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备.  相似文献   

非洲铝土矿地质特征、成矿规律与找矿前景研究     

陈喜峰 《地质与勘探》2021,57(6):1203-1215

非洲是全球铝土矿资源最丰富的大洲,以产有多个世界级铝土矿矿床而著称。为分析该地区铝土矿的地质特征、成矿规律和找矿前景,本文在总结非洲铝土矿资源禀赋特征的基础上,探讨了该地区铝土矿资源的区域成矿地质背景、矿床类型、成矿条件、成矿特征、时空分布规律和成矿演化过程,划分了成矿区带。研究表明：①非洲铝土矿资源主要集中分布在西非地区,具有储量巨大、品位高、埋藏浅、易开采等特点;②矿床类型为红土型,是在成矿构造环境、成矿母岩、古气候、古地形地貌等多种成矿条件耦合下,铝硅酸盐岩及富铝变质岩发生深度红土化作用的产物;③成矿母岩以中新生代基性侵入岩、火山岩及古元古代变质岩、古生代变质岩为主;④赋铝土矿红土风化壳具有垂直分带性;⑤成矿构造单元以西非克拉通为主;⑥主要成矿时代为晚白垩世-新生代。根据铝土矿的成矿构造环境、成矿特征和时空分布规律,将非洲铝土矿划分为西非铝土矿成矿省和东南非铝土矿成矿省2个成矿省及6个一级成矿带,这些成矿省、成矿带是非洲重要的铝土矿矿产地和找矿远景区,找矿潜力巨大。  相似文献   

华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要特征与成矿作用研究进展     

张龙  陈振宇  汪方跃 《岩石学报》2021,37(9):2657-2676

花岗岩型铀矿床是我国最重要的铀矿床类型之一,且主要分布在华南地区。本文在简要介绍华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要地质特征的基础上,重点总结了华南花岗岩型铀矿床的产铀花岗岩、成矿时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源等方面的研究进展。华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要分布在华夏地块,以桃山-诸广铀成矿带最为重要。矿床以中小型(300～3000t U)和中低品位(0.05%～0.2%U)为主。产铀花岗岩主要形成于三叠纪(240～205Ma)和侏罗纪(165～150Ma)两个时期,属于S型花岗岩,源区以泥质沉积岩为主。三叠纪过铝质淡色花岗岩是有利的铀源岩,其中铀主要赋存于晶质铀矿。黑云母、晶质铀矿、磷灰石和锆石成分特征是评价花岗岩产铀潜力的有效工具。华南大多数花岗岩型铀矿床形成于白垩纪-古近纪(110～50Ma),以后生热液成因为主,其形成主要与区域白垩纪-古近纪岩石圈伸展作用和幔源基性岩浆活动有关。成矿流体以大气降水为主,成矿温度集中在120～260℃、盐度一般小于10%NaCleqv,铀在流体中主要以铀酰碳酸络合物和铀酰氟化物形式迁移,物理化学条件变化和CO_2去气导致铀在有利部位沉淀。文章指出应加强花岗岩中铀活化机制、铀成矿时代、以及下庄铀矿田侏罗纪(175～145Ma)铀成矿作用研究。  相似文献   

华南稀有金属矿床:类型、特点、时空分布与背景     

李晓峰  韦星林  朱艺婷  李祖福  邓宣驰 《岩石学报》2021,37(12):3591-3614

华南地区是我国重要的战略矿产资源基地,以发育大规模多时代、多旋回花岗岩和独特的中生代铜钼钨锡铌钽铍铀等大规模稀有金属和有色金属成矿作用而闻名于世。华南地区稀有金属（W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Li-Be）成矿作用主要与高度分异演化的花岗岩密切相关。稀有金属矿床的分布受区域性断裂控制,主要集中于南岭地区和钦-杭大断裂两侧。成矿类型主要有花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、云英岩型、石英脉型、火山岩型、接触交代岩型（包括矽卡岩型和条纹岩型）。花岗岩型稀有金属矿床主要沿钦-杭大断裂两侧分布;伟晶岩型矿床主要分布在钦-杭大断裂花岗岩型矿床的外侧,以及邵武-河源断裂和政和-大埔断裂之间;接触交代型（含条纹岩型）稀有金属主要呈东西向分布于南岭地区,石英脉型和云英岩型稀有金属矿床主要与该地区的石英脉型钨矿有成因联系;火山岩型稀有金属矿床主要分布于政和-大埔断裂以东的东南沿海火山岩地区。华南稀有金属成矿可以分为7个阶段,分别是志留纪（424~420Ma）、早三叠世（248~244Ma）、晚三叠世（220~214Ma）、晚侏罗世（160~150Ma）、晚侏罗世-早白垩世（150~140Ma）、早白垩世（135~125Ma）和早白垩世-晚白垩世（105~90Ma）等。在每个时间段内,成矿时间相对集中。大规模稀有金属成矿主要集中于早白垩世。在不同成矿尺度,稀有金属矿化具有明显金属分带特征,且与有色金属矿化具有明显的成因关系;不同金属组合的稀有金属矿床具有不同的岩浆热液演化历史。地壳物质的部分熔融、持续能量供给,以及有利于岩浆高度分异演化的大型伸展构造是形成稀有金属矿床的重要条件。本文认为早白垩世（135~125Ma）是华南地区稀有金属大规模成矿的时期,该时期不仅成矿强度大,而且成矿类型多样,代表了华南中生代岩石圈大规模减薄或者全面裂解的峰期。  相似文献   

应用平衡分配模型评价渤海湾和莱州湾沉积物重金属潜在生物毒性     

李力  王小静  白亚之  孙翌  刘季花 《海洋学报》2015,37(2):75-84

为探讨渤海沉积物中重金属的生物毒性,采集了渤海湾和莱州湾共72个站点的表层沉积物,测定了酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取金属(SEM)、有机碳(TOC)等参数,应用平衡分配模型(EqP Model)评价了沉积物中重金属的潜在生物毒性。研究显示,有8个站点超过了EqP Model的毒性阈值,显示潜在生物毒性,而61%的站点应无生物毒性。本研究同时测定了沉积物的总含量,应用几种常用的沉积物质量基准进行了评价虽然有部分站点的Cu、Ni、Cr超过了基准值,但与渤海的背景值比较,这些基准值可能并不适用于评价渤海沉积物。研究显示,EqP Model可以更有效的评价沉积物中重金属的活性和生物毒性,尤其针对我国近岸海域的沉积物,TOC和AVS含量偏低而重金属生物毒性偏高的情况可能普遍存在,更应积极考虑应用EqP Model进行重金属生物毒性的评价。  相似文献   

柴达木地块北缘南北沟岩体地球化学特征及成矿前景     

姜常义  王子玺  杜玮  王梦玺 《地球科学与环境学报》2015,(1):12-23

南北沟岩体位于柴达木地块北缘,出露面积4.5km2。岩石主要类型有淡色辉长岩、辉长岩、暗色辉长岩,各岩石类型之间多为过渡关系,局部呈侵入接触。主量元素化学组成属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,明显亏损Nb、Ta。岩体原生岩浆属于高镁拉斑玄武岩(MgO质量分数为11.1%),在岩浆演化过程中遭受了一定程度中—上地壳物质的同化混染作用。岩体形成于古岛弧环境,是早古生代柴达木地块向祁连地块俯冲过程的产物。从岩浆分异程度、原生岩浆性质、同化混染等方面综合评价认为,南北沟岩体具有较好的铜镍硫化物矿床成矿潜力。  相似文献   

藏东江达县丁钦弄银铜多金属矿床深部找矿预测          下载免费PDF全文

韩艳超  宋蕊蕊 《山东国土资源》2015,31(4)

西藏丁钦弄银铜多金属矿床是近年来在藏东地区发现的具大型远景的接触交代（矽卡岩）型银铜多金属矿床,该矿床位于羌塘三江成矿区之江达德钦成矿带北段。成矿作用包括陆内裂谷期的矽卡岩化成矿作用及陆内造山期构造—岩浆—热液对先成矿体的叠加改造及独立成矿作用。基于对矽卡岩矿床分带模式结合矿区实际情况的分析辅以地球物理证据,预测Ⅰ2 号矿体及Ⅱ号矿体的深部找矿前景较好。两矿体含矿岩石均为锰质矽卡岩,处于侵入体与围岩的外接触带,且视电阻率、视极化率异常均显示深部存在隐伏矿体。  相似文献   

Low-rhenium molybdenite by metamorphism in northern Sweden: Recognition, genesis, and global implications   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Holly J. Stein   《Lithos》2006,87(3-4):300-327

Re–Os dating of molybdenite is an accurate means to date intrusions and intrusion-related ore deposits using the model age or isochron approach. But, molybdenite has a new niche in the greenschist- to granulite-facies metamorphic environment. Re–Os ages for metamorphic molybdenite may be used to construct regional metamorphic histories. Age significance and accuracy are established by analyzing multiple molybdenite separates extracted from single, petrographically-characterized molybdenite occurrences. In this study, twelve geologically distinct molybdenite-bearing samples from two small Mo districts in northern Sweden trace a 150 m.y. Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian metamorphic history from 1900 to 1750 Ma. These data reveal a little-known, widespread and protracted, Late Svecofennian anatexis in northern Sweden.The Kåtaberget Mo–(Cu, F) deposit is located in the Moskosel granite batholith north of the economically-renown Skellefte district. Four different molybdenite samples from outcrop at Kåtaberget indicate an intrusion age of 1895 ± 6 Ma with the formation of later pegmatite–aplite at 1875 ± 6 Ma. The Allebuoda (Björntjärn) and Munka Mo–(W) deposits in the Rappen district are represented by three outcrop and five drill core samples of molybdenite-bearing aplite–pegmatite–granite. These two deposits were previously described as intrusion-related Climax-type Mo mineralization. Re–Os ages for molybdenites from these deposits range from 1865 to 1750 Ma and, significantly, Re concentrations are markedly low, extending to the sub-ppm level. Age agreement within the deposits is conspicuously lacking, whereas, with one exception, age agreement within any single sample (geologic occurrence), as established by analysis of additional molybdenite separates, is very good. These data, together with fundamental geologic observations discussed in this paper, suggest that Mo–(W) mineralization in northern Sweden is not intrusion-related, but the local product of episodic melting of Archean–Paleoproterozoic supracrustal gneisses related to the Svecofennian orogeny. Petrographic traverses across the boundary between widespread, foliation-parallel units of aplitic to pegmatitic pink granite and hosting biotite gneiss directly capture the process of ore formation. Dehydration breakdown of zircon-rich biotite aligned with the foliation in the gneiss is accompanied by formation of new pristine, post-deformational biotite plus sulfides, oxides, hydrothermal zircon and fluorite, all associated with microcline-dominant leucosomes.This process has profound implication for the traditional leucogranite, intrusion-related genesis attributed to the broad classification of Mo–W–Sn–base and precious metal mineralization (e.g., South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia; Okiep, Namaqualand, South Africa; Mactung, Yukon; Pogo–Liese, Tintina, Alaska; Carajás and Goiás–Rio Tocantins, Brazil; New England Batholith, NSW, Australia; Bergslagen, Sweden; Nevoria, Western Australia; Alpeinerscharte, Austria; Erzgebirge, Germany; Sardinia–Corsica Batholith). In addition to biotite, metallogenic contributions (e.g., Mo, W, Sn, U, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, Au, Ag, Te, As, Sb, REE) in various combinations may also be controlled by breakdown of amphibole. In effect, the trace element composition of dehydrating or recrystallizing components in a gneissic rock essentially defines the local and district metallogenic suite. In the absence of focusing structures (e.g., shear zones, sheeted vein development), this process will generally form small and disconnected subeconomic deposits with erratic and unpredictable grades. Low Re content in associated molybdenite is a key indicator for a subeconomic origin by local melting of biotite gneiss (Mo–W) or muscovite schist (Sn–W).  相似文献   

The role of bitumen in strata-bound copper deposit formation in the Copiapo area, Northern Chile     

M. Eugenia Cisternas  Juan Hermosilla 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(4):339-355

In northern Chile, between 27 and 33°S, there are numerous deposits where residual petroleum is associated with Cu-(Ag) mineralisation (the most famous being El Soldado). All of these deposits are hosted by Lower Cretaceous volcanic or volcanoclastic facies along the axis of a former backarc basin. This close relationship suggests that the generation, migration and emplacement of hydrocarbons in the Cretaceous volcanic units is a regional process, associated with the evolution of the Cretaceous backarc basin and points to the importance of pyrobitumen as an exploration tool for similar Cu–(Ag) deposits. The present work analyses four small strata-bound copper deposits located along a north–south belt approximately 10 km east of Copiapó in northern Chile. These deposits are typically hosted by pyrobitumen-rich andesitic volcanic to volcanoclastic rocks intercalated with the marine carbonate Pabellón Formation, the youngest formation within the Chañarcillo Group. The strong genetic and spatial relationships between the pyrobitumen-rich lavas and the mineral deposits allow us to define this volcanic belt as the Ocoita-Pabellón Metallotect. Two hydrothermal events can be distinguished based on the mineralogical, textural, fluid inclusion and isotope data of ore and gangue and on the optical properties of residual petroleum. During the early event, petroleum was mobilised from the source rocks into the primary and secondary porosity of the lavas by Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids, which precipitated pyrite as an early sulphide phase. The second event is characterised by Cu-rich hydrothermal fluids, which induced three successive sub-stages of Cu-sulphide precipitation. The hydrothermal fluids chemically and thermally altered the first-stage bitumen, transforming it into pyrobitumen. The present work documents similarities between the Ocoita-Pabellón Metallotect and the El Soldado ore deposit and emphasises important differences. In the El Soldado host rocks, a petroleum reservoir existed prior to the arrival of the mineralising hydrothermal fluids, the framboidal pyrite was formed by assistance of bacteria, the S of the Cu sulphides was inherited from the pyrite, and the fluid source was basin connate-metamorphic brine. In the Ocoita-Pabellón Metallotect, the hydrocarbons were mobilised into the host rocks by hydrothermal fluids; the pyrite is epigenetic, the δ³⁴S values of pyrite and copper sulphides are very different, with distinctive light δ³⁴S signature of Cu sulphides (δ³⁴S between −44.7 and −17.9‰), and the calculated δ¹⁸O of hydrothermal fluids indicates the participation of meteoric water in the late phases of the hydrothermal system.

Juan HermosillaEmail:

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