关于厄尔尼诺成因的新认识   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨扬鉴  陈延成 《化工矿产地质》1998,20(3):199-204

据前人统计,厄尔尼诺出现于地球自转速度急剧变慢的第二年。造成这种现象的主因,是地球间歇性不对称膨胀,引起自转速度几年一次的准周期性急剧变慢。在该时期南北半球岩石圈产生强烈的离开赤道的体力,使赤道地区发生东西向张性断裂活动。位于阻力较小的软流层之上的太平洋岩石圈,不仅规模大、动力强,而且存在着东太平洋海隆薄弱带,并与秘鲁海沟应变空间毗邻,故现今太平洋东部赤道地区的东西向张性断裂最为发育,形成规模宏大的卡内基断裂带和加拉帕戈斯断裂带。它们活动促使海底的岩浆和热水喷溢,导致厄尔尼诺的海水升温多从秘鲁－厄尔多尔沿岸开始。地球自转速度变慢过程中,赤道地区的大气和海水获得较多的向东角动量,造成该地区的信风和向西流动洋流减弱、东太平洋冷水上翻涌升流衰缓,加速赤道东太平流海域温度变暖,助长厄尔尼诺的形成。全球大气角动量的季节性变化,也引起地球自转速度冬季慢夏季快的周年项变化,使厄尔尼诺年增温盛期一般出现于年末前后。  相似文献   

关于计算机自动绘制光滑曲线的数学方法的探索   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

和正民 《城市地质》1998,10(1):17-24

在计算机绘制地图光滑曲线的方法中,线形插值法计算简单,失真率较大。正轴抛物线平均加权法在一些特殊情况下曲线会偏离节点。斜轴抛物线平均加权法可以获得比较满意的结果,但计算复杂,不利于在微机上运用。本文介绍的张力样条函数插值法,方法严密,计算亦不复杂,对小型的制图系统比较适用。其显著特点是具有一个张力系数σ,当σ→０时,张力样条函数就等同于三次样条函数;当σ→∞时,则退化为分段线形函数。因此,可以选择合适的σ,使得节点间的曲线为最短,既能消除可能出现的多余拐点,又能保持曲线的光滑性。  相似文献   

基于环境振动的斜拉桥拉索基频识别   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16  

陈刚  任伟新 《地震工程与工程振动》2003,23(3):100-106

斜拉索是现代斜拉桥最重要的结构构件，索力在斜拉桥的施工控制和长期监测中起着重要作用。振动测试法是斜拉桥索力测定、监测和状态评估中应用最广泛的一种方法。振动法测索力的关键在于准确地识别出索的基频。本文使用自功率谱和倒频谱方法，基于MATLAB平台，开发出了斜拉桥拉索环境振动模态分析图形用户交互(GUI)工具箱，实现了斜拉索基频的快速自动识别。应用本文的方法，对福州青洲闽江主跨605m斜拉桥拉索的环境振动实测加速度数据进行了分析处理，斜拉索基频识别方便直观，结果可靠。  相似文献   

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样拉压剪破坏统一失稳判据   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

王学滨  张智慧  潘一山 《岩土力学》2003,(Z2)

提出了单轴拉伸,直剪及单轴压缩剪切破坏失稳判据的统一形式。首先对de Borst R及Muhlhaus H B关于单轴拉伸试件梯度塑性理论解析解方面的开创性工作进行了回顾、评论,并指出了他们工作的缺憾。受de Borst R等工作的启发,对直接剪切试件进行了分析,得到了快速回跳条件。并发现:岩样的快速回跳条件就是系统(由剪切带及带外弹性岩石构成)的失稳判据。又对单轴压缩岩样剪切破坏进行了分析,得到了其失稳判据。通过对单轴拉伸失稳判据、直接剪切失稳判据及单轴压缩剪切破坏失稳判据的类比,得到了失稳判据的统一形式。统一失稳判据表明:岩石材料的局部化带宽度及压缩或剪切弹性模量越小,软化模量及等效试件高度越大,试件越容易发生失稳破坏。  相似文献   

Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow,laminar overland flows through organic litter     

David Dunkerley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2002,27(1):45-58

This study investigates the contribution of surface tension forces to friction coefficients in shallow, laminar interrill flows. Friction coefficients in these flows are known to be increased greatly by organic litter and by stems. Fine litter provides extensive edges along which surface tension menisci can be drawn up, and evaluating the significance of this in the frictional retardation of flow was the primary objective of the experiments reported here. Using both standardized ‘litter particles’ (small wooden blocks of fixed dimensions) and natural plant litter, meniscus behaviour and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient were evaluated in shallow flows on a laboratory sand board. For some tests, the surface tension of ordinary water was reduced by 40 per cent by the addition of a surfactant, and the friction coefficient redetermined. Results show that the presence of surface tension menisci flanking litter particles provides areas of deeper flow that are up to 7 mm in width and which can increase flow depths by 100–300 per cent. These zones support significantly higher flow speeds. Increased water depths within menisci are additionally associated with reduced depths beyond the menisci, so that an increase in the spatial variability of flow depths is a second consequence of meniscus formation. These modifications of flow depth by surface tension menisci are shown to reduce rather than increase the overall friction coefficient applicable to the flow. Consequently, additional frictional retardation does not arise within the menisci flanking litter particles and so cannot account for the greater drag arising from litter than from other surface features. Different factors, possibly the direct obstruction of flow paths, must therefore underlie the frictional drag. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

非饱和土的一种分类方法     

李顺群  崔春义  郑刚 《岩土工程技术》2007,21(3):134-138

根据理想模型中土颗粒和孔隙水之间的几何关系、热力学原理和土力学基本理论,研究了土的非饱和性在非饱和土中引起的力系。给出了张力吸力和吸力比的定义,并在考虑基质吸力作用面积的基础上定义了等效吸力的概念。按照孔隙水弯液面是否与土颗粒表面搭接,将非饱和土分为搭接非饱和土和不搭接非饱和土两类。进而根据搭接状态将搭接非饱和土细分为水封闭非饱和土和搭接双开敞非饱和土,根据孔隙气状态将不搭接非饱和土细分为不搭接双开敞非饱和土和气封闭非饱和土。在搭接非饱和土中,出现张力吸力并对土体的强度产生增强作用;在不搭接非饱和土中,表面张力只是沿着液面传播,不对土的强度产生效应。另外,张力吸力只对强度问题有贡献,它不是渗流问题的驱动力。  相似文献   

Effect of the bubble size on the dynamic adsorption of frothers and collectors in flotation     

Anh V. Nguyen  Chi M. PhanGeoffrey M. Evans 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006

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A test of the Tate equation to predict bubble size at an orifice in the presence of frother     

Jose R. Hernandez-Aguilar  Ryan CunninghamJames A. Finch 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006

Air bubbles of uniform size (ca. 1 mm diameter) were generated at a submerged orifice (glass capillary) under controlled frequency (down to ca. 0.06 s^− 1) in aqueous solutions of frother (Dowfroth 250). The bubbles were sized with an imaging technique. One objective was to establish whether the Tate equation (static balance between buoyancy and capillary forces) could be used as a standard sizing calibration method. Another aim was to verify whether with decreasing surface tension (due to increasing frother concentration) the anticipated decrease in bubble size agreed with the equation prediction. An effect of frother was detected compatible with the role of surface tension but divided into two concentration regions, seemingly the result of a gradual change in bubble shape and wetting: > 6 ppm the bubble holds a spherical shape and the capillary appeared to be completely wetted while at ≤ 6 ppm a degree of non-wetting and bubble distortion (neck formation just prior to detachment) were apparent, supported by qualitative observations. In addition, at > 6 ppm the Tate value was only approached by decreasing the bubble frequency but not attained. Plausible causes for the failure to reach the predicted size are discussed.  相似文献   

抽真空引起周围土体竖向变形的有限元分析     

艾英钵  刘加才  施建勇  雷国辉 《岩土力学》2007,28(Z1):868-872

真空预压法加固深厚超软土地基时,一方面使地基土体产生侧向收缩变形,有利于地基的稳定;但另一方面向真空预压区的侧向变形对周围房屋、地下管线、道路等建筑物也产生不利影响,甚至会出现管道断裂、围墙倒塌、路堤被毁等严重工程事故。结合真空预压加固软基工程中出现的对周围环境影响的问题,进行了考虑土体拉裂影响的有限元分析,研究抽真空过程及加固区外不同距离、不同土体深度沉降的变化规律。研究结果表明,采用Biot固结理论、考虑土体拉裂的有限元计算结果与现场加固区外土体沉降及影响区范围的实测结果基本一致。  相似文献   

岩石及类岩石材料的劈裂拉伸与直接拉伸强度     

余贤斌  王青蓉  宋战平  谢强 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z1):539-543

采用自行研制的岩石直接拉伸实验装置,对7种（组）岩石和2组混凝土试样进行了直接拉伸和劈裂法（巴西法）间接拉伸试验。试验结果表明,所有岩石和混凝土试样的劈裂拉伸强度SB均大于直接拉伸强度ST,比值SB/ST的范围,在1.06到1.97之间;直接拉伸强度的偏差系数,通常大于劈裂拉伸强度的偏差系数。根据Sundaram等人对圆盘劈裂试验试样内应力分布的有限元分析的结果,当岩石的拉伸弹模ET小于压缩弹模EC时,试样中实际的应力会与经典弹性力学公式所得结果（EC=ET时的情形）不同,需要进行修正。据此对有关岩石的劈裂拉伸强度进行了修正,并发现,在所试验的岩石中,虽然部分岩石的ET与EC的数值相差不大,其SB/ST比却最高。这说明,拉伸与压缩弹模的差别不是造成两种拉伸强度差别的唯一原因。  相似文献