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991.
992.
Equilibrium Evaporation and the Convective Boundary Layer 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
M. R. Raupach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,96(1-2):107-142
A theory is developed for surface energy exchanges in well-mixed, partlyopen systems, embracing fully open and fully closed systems as limits.Conservation equations for entropy and water vapour are converted intoan exact rate equation for the potential saturation deficit D in a well-mixed, partly open region. The main contributions to changes in D arise from (1) the flux of D at the surface, dependent on a conductance gq that is a weighted sum of the bulk aerodynamic and surface conductances; and (2) the exchange flux of D with the external environment by entrainment or advection, dependent on a conductance ge that is identifiable with the entrainment velocity when the partly open region is a growing convective boundary layer (CBL). The system is fully open when ge/gq , and fully closed when ge/gq 0. The equations determine the steady state surface energy balance (SEB) in a partly open system, the associated steady-state deficit, and the settling time scale needed to reach the steady state. The general result for the steady-state SEB corresponds to the equations of conventional combination theory for the SEB of a vegetated surface, with the surface-layer deficit replaced by the external deficit and with gq replaced by the series sum (gq
-1 + ge
-1)-1. In the fully open limit D is entirely externally prescribed, while in the fully closed limit, D is internally determined and the SEB approaches thermodynamic equilibrium energy partition. In the case of the CBL, the conductances gq and ge are themselves functions of D through short-term feedbacks, induced by entrainment in the case of ge and by both physiological and aerodynamic (thermal stability) processes in the case of gq. The effects of these feedbacks are evaluated. It is found that a steady-state CBL is physically achievable only over surfaces with at least moderate moisture availability; that entrainment has a significant accelerating effect on equilibration; that the settling time scale is well approximated by h/(gq + ge), where h is the CBL depth; and that this scale is short enough to allow a steady state to evolve within a semi-diurnal time scale only when h is around 500 m or less. 相似文献
993.
The Control Of Coherent Eddies In Vegetation Canopies: Streamwise Structure Spacing, Canopy Shear Scale And Atmospheric Stability 总被引:9,自引:9,他引:0
An analogy has been established between a plane mixing layer and the atmospheric flow near the top of a vegetation canopy. It is based on a common feature, a strong inflection in the mean velocity profile, responsible for hydrodynamical instabilities that set the pattern for the coherent eddies and determine the turbulence length scales. In an earlier study, this analogy was tested using a small data set from thirteen experiments, all in near-neutral conditions. It provided a good prediction of the streamwise spacing w of the dominant canopy eddies (evaluated from time series of vertical velocity) that appears to depend on a shear length scale Ls = U(h)/U'(h), where h is canopy height, U is mean velocity and U' the vertical gradient dU/dz. The present analysis utilizes an extensive data set of approximately 700 thirty-minute runs, from six experiments on two forest sites and a maize crop, with a large range of stability conditions. w was estimated for each run using the wavelet transform as an objective, automated detection method. First, the variations of w and Ls with atmospheric stability are discussed. Neutral and unstable values exhibit a large scatter whereas in stable conditions both variables decrease with increasing stability. It is subsequently found that w is directly related to Ls, in a way close to the neutral prediction w /h = 8.1Ls/h.The Strouhal number Str = Ls /w is then shown to vary with atmospheric stability, weakly in unstable conditions, more significantly in stable conditions. Altogether these results suggest that, to some extent, the plane mixing-layer analogy can be extended to non-neutral conditions. It is argued that the primary effect of atmospheric stability, at least in stable conditions, is to modify the shear length scale Ls through changes in U(h) and U'(h), which in turn determines the streamwise spacing of the active, coherent motions. 相似文献
994.
This study uses a numerical model to investigate the groundwater flow and salt transport mechanisms below islands in the Okavango Delta. Continuous evapotranspiration on the islands results in accumulation of solutes and the formation of a saline boundary layer, which may eventually become unstable. A novel Lagrangian method is employed in this study and compared to other numerical methods. The numerical results support the geophysical observations of density fingering on Thata Island. However, the process is slow and it takes some hundreds of years until density fingering is triggered. The results are sensitive to changes of the hydraulic gradient and the evapotranspiration rate. Small changes may lead to different plume developments. Results further demonstrate that density effects may be entirely overridden by lateral flow on islands embedded in a sufficiently high regional hydraulic gradient. 相似文献
995.
From 1998 to 2002 investigations were carried out to estimate both the quantity and quality (heavy metal contents) of suspended matter loads discharged into a floodplain area measuring approx. 5 km2 of the Central German river Weiße Elster, a tributary of the river Saale in the Elbe river basin. Flood sediments, suspended particulate matter, and floodplain soils were investigated especially for the main pollutants Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Hg. Supplementary gamma spectroscopy examinations were performed to help to identify the age of deposits in order to estimate sedimentation rates for last decades. The recent flood sediments are contaminated by up to 33 times the geogenic background (Cd). Up to 55% of the total annual SPM load of the river Weiße Elster is relocated into the investigated retention area in the flood‐stricken year 2002. The sedimentation rates for the last 50 years vary between 0.5 mm/a and 1 mm/a in far away and rarely flooded parts and between 1 mm/a and 2 mm/a in the frequently flooded parts of the inflow of the retention area. 相似文献
996.
The use of riparian vegetated filter strips to reduce river sediment loads: an overestimated control measure? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model WATEM/SEDEM was used to simulate the impact of riparian vegetated filter strips (RVFSs) on river sediment delivery at different spatial scales. For a field plot with a straight slope, sediment reduction by the RVFSs is comparable to results obtained through experimental set‐ups elsewhere (i.e. >70%). However, at the scale of an entire catchment, sediment reduction is much less (i.e. ±20%) due to (1) overland flow convergence, which reduces the sediment trapping efficiency of an RVFS, and (2) because part of the sediment bypasses the RVFSs through ditches, sewers and road surfaces. These results suggest that, at the catchment scale, RVFSs should be accompanied with other conservation techniques that are more appropriate for reducing river sediment loads, and that also reduce on‐site soil erosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
997.
南京地区表土镉汞铅含量的空间统计分析 总被引:17,自引:4,他引:17
在南京城区和周围郊区近2500km2的区域内,采集了670个表层土壤样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属含量。在ARCGIS等地理信息系统软件的支持下,用地统计学等空间分析方法,分析了数据的概率分布特征、空间自相关特征以及变异函数特征。结果表明,研究区内表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属元素平均含量显著高于其全国平均水平;并且不同的元素具有不同的空间自相关特征;变异函数分析显示,Cd和Hg的分布具有明显的空间异质性,而Pb的方向性不明显。元素空间分布特征的研究对研究污染源和污染扩散具有一定指示和引导作用。 相似文献
998.
华南红土主元素表生地球化学特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
华南红土从其母岩到表土,普遍表现为主元素SiO2、K2O、Na2O淋失,Fe2O3、Al2O3、N、S富集。红土饱和水含量最高的是D2型红土,最低的是老红沙型红土。在岩石与上层红土风化特征中,风化强度以γ型红土最强,而灰岩型红土最弱;淋溶系数最大的是灰岩型红土,最小的为γ型红土;变异系数最大的为灰岩型红土,最小的为Q2型红土。从空间上看,红土的表生地球化学特征、红土成分的变异系数、红土的淋溶系数、红土的风化率和风化强度、红土湿度和温度等均受母岩、气候纬度效应制约。相关分析表明,华南红土中的水含量和土温与Fe2O3含量呈正相关关系。初步研究表明,华南红土的表生地球化学特征是长期和多种环境变化的真实记录。 相似文献
999.
2004年3月至2005年7月对古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型半固定沙垄土壤水分进行了系统监测,结合气象资料,特别是对冬季积雪和冻土资料的分析,认为该沙漠沙丘土壤水分时空变化规律在很大程度上受积雪融化和季节性冻土的影响.由于冬季稳定存在20~30 cm的积雪于春季融化,使得春季沙丘土壤含水率成为全年最高的季节,从而为早春植物的萌发生长创造了有利的条件.冬季1 m多深的冻土于早春时节由表及里开始消融,沙丘表面融化的雪水在坡面重力作用下,沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下发生迁移,在春夏季形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的土壤水分空间格局.该研究具有生态学意义,可为古尔班通古特沙漠特殊环境条件下植被恢复与重建提供依据. 相似文献
1000.