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171.
Ismail Gultepe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(2):321-350
Observations taken by aircraft and conventional platforms are used to investigate dynamical, physical, and radiative processes within a marine stratus cloud during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) II field project which took place over the east coast of Canada. Stratus which formed over the ocean on February 6, 1992 during the nighttime, is studied to analyze cloud top and base processes. The cloud was supercooled during the study period. Fluctuations and fluxes are calculated along constant flight altitude legs approximately 100 km long in space. The scales of structures larger than 5 km are removed from the analysis using a running average technique. Droplet spectra obtained by a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) were used in a 1-D radiative transfer model to calculate infrared (IR) fluxes and radiative heating rates. A heat conservation equation was used to estimate vertical air velocity (w
a
) within the cloud. The results showed that, because of a warmer ocean surface, significant moisture and heat were transferred from the ocean surface to the boundary layer. The cloud base was at about 400 m height and the top was at about 1.4 km.w
a
at the cloud base was estimated about 5 cm s–1. Strong IR cooling rate at the cloud top was calculated to be 75°C day–1 for a 100 m thick layer. Negative skewness inw
a
, suggesting narrow downdrafts, was likely due to radiative cooling at the cloud top. The entrainment velocity was found to be about 1.5 cm s–1 at cloud top. Mean moisture and heat fluxes within the cloud were estimated to be comparable to those from the ocean surface. Vertical air velocity at the cloud top due to radiative cooling was found to be about –40 cm s–1. 相似文献
172.
Spherical harmonic analysis is made of the grid point values of geopotential heights at 700 mb and 300 mb levels for the months April to August for the years 1967 and 1972. The year 1967 is a good monsoon year and 1972 is a bad monsoon year in India. Meridional transport of sensible heat is obtained in wave number domain using spherical harmonic coefficients at 500 mb level form=1 to 10 andn–m=0 to 10, wherem represents the wave number round the globe andn–m gives the numbers of zero points from north pole to south pole excluding the poles themselves.Large northward transports of sensible heat in the month of May and in the monsoon months at the subtropics are characteristic of bad monsoon. Wave 1 transports sensible heat southward (forn–m=0) and wave 2 transports sensible heat northward (forn–m=4). Strengthening of wave 1 is conducive to good monsoon year and strengthening of wave 2 is conducive to bad monsoon year. These are the same features obtained in Fourier analysis. The contrasting features exist in waves 1 and 2 both in good and in bad monsoon and are better defined in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis of the earlier study. However, waves 1 and 2 reveal clearer contrast in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis. Bad monsoon activity is associated with large divergence of heart at subtropics and large convergence of heat at extra tropics. 相似文献
173.
The heights of the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL), computed by a one-dimensional model for a bare soil surface at a semi-arid station,Anand, during the dry and hot summer month of May 1997, are presented. As input, the model requires surface heat flux, friction velocity and air temperature as functions of time. Temperature data at the one-metre level from a tower and sonic anemometer data at 9.5 m collected during the period 13–17 May 1997 in the Land Surface Processes Experiment (LASPEX-97) are used to compute hourly values of surface heat flux, friction velocity and Obukhov length following the operational method suggested by Holtslag and Van Ulden [J. Climate Appl. Meteorol.
22,517–529 (1983)]. The model has been tested with different values for the potential temperature gradient ( ) above the inversion. The model-estimated CBL heights comparefavourably with observed heights obtained from radiosonde ascents. 相似文献
174.
175.
Syntectonic plutons emplaced in shallow crust often contain intermediate-to low-temperature deformation microstructures but
lack a high-temperature, subsolidus deformation fabric, although the relict magmatic fabric is preserved. The Proterozoic
Vellaturu granite emplaced at the eastern margin of the northern Nallamalai fold belt, south India during the late phase of
regional deformation has a common occurrence of intermediate-to low-temperature deformation fabric, superimposed over magmatic
fabric with an internally complex pattern. But high-T subsolidus deformation microstructure and fabric are absent in this
pluton. The main crystal plastic deformation and fluid enhanced reaction softening was concentrated along the margin of the
granite body. Resulting granite mylonites show Y-maximum c-axis fabric in completely recrystallized quartz ribbonds, dynamic recrystallization of perthites, and myrmekite indicative
of fabric development under intermediate temperature (∼ 500–400°C). The weakly-deformed interior shows myrmekite, feldspar
microfracturing and limited bulging recrystallization of quartz. The abundance of prism subgrain boundaries is indicative
of continuing deformation through low-temperature (∼ 300°C). The relative rates of cooling influenced by advective heat transfer
and deformation of the pluton seem to control the overall subsolidus fabric development. The rapid advective heat transfer
from the interior in the early stages of subsolidus cooling was followed by slow cooling through intermediate temperature
window as a well-developed phyllosilicate rich mylonitic skin around the granite body slowed down conductive heat loss. Low-T
crystal plastic deformation of quartz was effected at a late stage of cooling and deformation of the shallow crustal granite
body emplaced within the greenschist facies Nallamlai rocks. 相似文献
176.
2-D Crustal thermal structure along Thuadara-Sindad DSS profile across Narmada-Son lineament,central India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Central India is traversed by a WSW-ENE trending Narmada-Son lineament (NSL) which is characterized by the presence of numerous
hot springs, feeder dykes for Deccan Traps and seismicity all along its length. It is divided in two parts by the Barwani-Sukta
Fault (BSF). To the west of this fault a graben exists, whereas to the east the basement is uplifted between Narmada North
Fault (NNF) and Narmada South Fault (NSF). The present work deals with the 2-D thermal modeling to delineate the crustal thermal
structure of the western part of NSL region along the Thuadara-Sindad Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profile which runs almost
in the N-S direction across the NSL. Numerical results of the model reveal that the conductive surface heat flow value in
the region under consideration varies between 45 and 47mW/m2. Out of which 23mW/m2 is the contribution from the mantle heat flow and the remaining from within the crust. The Curie depth is found to vary between
46 and 47 km and is in close agreement with the earlier reported Curie depth estimated from the analysis of MAGSAT data. The
Moho temperature varies between 470 and 500°C. This study suggests that this western part of central Indian region is characterized
by low mantle heat flow which in turn makes the lower crust brittle and amenable to the occurrence of deep focused earthquakes
such as Satpura (1938) earthquake. 相似文献
177.
1961-2004年乌鲁木齐城市化过程中的冷化效应 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
利用乌鲁木齐和达坂城1961-2000年月平均气温,2001-2004年月平均最低气温和月平均最高气温资料,分析了乌鲁木齐和达坂城两地平均温Tm、平均最高温Tmax、平均最低温Tmin及其对应值的差值(ΔTu-rm、ΔTu-rmax、ΔTu-rmin)随时间的变化趋势特征。结果表明,乌鲁木齐城市化过程中冷化效应和热岛效应同时存在。近40多年来,乌鲁木齐年Tmm、Tmax有微弱的下降趋势,春季、夏季Tm、Tmax、Tmin和秋季Tm、Tmax均呈下降趋势,以夏季最为显著,而冬季Tm、Tmax、Tmin呈上升趋势;乌鲁木齐和达坂城之间年、春季、夏季和秋季ΔTu-rm、ΔTu-rmax、ΔTu-rmin均呈显著的下降趋势,冬季气温差值显著上升。降水量的增加、城市绿化和城市灌溉面积的增大,可能对乌鲁木齐城市化过程中的气候冷化产生了影响。 相似文献
178.
179.
以西北半干旱地区的内蒙古农牧交错地带锡林郭勒盟为研究区,以不同退化程度的草地为研究对象,通过叶面积指数计算各像元的动力传输粗糙度长度,以改进显热通量算法;并结合植被/土壤组分温度分别计算基于亚像元的植被/土壤的显热通量。由敏感性分析和模型验证表明,改进的显热通量算法能够提高区域尺度的能量平衡计算精度。 相似文献
180.