Effects of long soil surface residence times on apparent cosmogenic nuclide denudation rates and burial ages in the Cradle of Humankind,South Africa     

T.V. Makhubela  J.D. Kramers  D. Scherler  H. Wittmann  P.H.G.M. Dirks  S.R. Winkler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(15):2968-2981

In situ cosmogenic nuclides are an important tool for quantifying landscape evolution and dating fossil-bearing deposits in the Cradle of Humankind (CoH), South Africa. This technique mainly employs cosmogenic 10-Beryllium (¹⁰Be) in river sediments to estimate denudation rates and the ratio of 26-Aluminium (²⁶Al) to ¹⁰Be (²⁶Al/¹⁰Be), to constrain ages of sediment burial. Here, we use ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al concentrations in bedrock and soil above the Rising Star Cave (the discovery site of Homo naledi) to constrain the denudation rate and the exposure history of soil on the surface. Apparent ¹⁰Be-derived denudation rates obtained from pebble- to cobble-sized clasts and coarse-sand in soil (on average 3.59 ± 0.27 m/Ma and 3.05 ± 0.25 m/Ma, respectively) are 2-3 times lower than the bedrock denudation rates (on average 9.46 ± 0.68 m/Ma). In addition, soil samples yield an average ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio (5.12 ± 0.27) that is significantly lower than the surface production ratio of 6.75, which suggests complex exposure histories. These results are consistent with prolonged surface residence of up to 1.5 Ma in vertically mixed soils that are up to 3 m thick. We conclude that the ¹⁰Be concentrations accumulated in soils during the long near-surface residence times can potentially cause underestimation of single-nuclide (¹⁰Be) catchment-wide denudation rates in the CoH. Further, burial ages of cave sediment samples that consist of an amalgamation of sand-size quartz grains could be overestimated if a pre-burial ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio calculated from the surface production is assumed. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Isotope-aided modelling of ecohydrologic fluxes and water ages under mixed land use in Central Europe: The 2018 drought and its recovery     

Aaron Smith  Doerthe Tetzlaff  Lukas Kleine  Marco P. Maneta  Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2020,34(16):3406-3425

Understanding the interactions of vegetation and soil water under varying hydrological conditions is crucial to aid quantitative assessment of land-use sustainability for maintaining water supply for humans and plants. Isolating and estimating the volume and ages of water stored within different compartments of the critical zone, and the associated fluxes of evaporation, transpiration, and groundwater recharge, facilitates quantification of these soil–plant-water interactions and the response of ecohydrological fluxes to wet and dry periods. We used the tracer-aided ecohydrological model EcH₂O-iso to examine the response of water ages of soil water storage, groundwater recharge, evaporation, and root-uptake at a mixed land use site, in northeastern Germany during the drought of 2018 and in the following winter months. The approach applied uses a dynamic vegetation routine which constrains water use by ecological mechanisms. Two sites with regionally typical land-use types were investigated: a forested site with sandy soils and a deep rooting zone and a grassland site, with loamier soils and shallower rooting zone. This results in much younger water ages (<1 year) through the soil profile in the forest compared to the grass, coupled with younger groundwater recharge. The higher water use in the forest resulted in a more pronounced annual cycle of water ages compared to the more consistent water age in the loamier soil of the grasslands. The deeper rooting zone of the forested site also resulted in older root-uptake water usage relative to soil evaporation, while the grassland site root-uptake was similar to that of soil evaporation. Besides more dynamic water ages in the forest, replenishment of younger soil waters to soil storage was within 6 months following the drought (cf. >8 months in the grassland). The temporal evaluation of the responsiveness of soil and vegetation interactions in hydrologic extremes such as 2018 is essential to understand changes in hydrological processes and the resilience of the landscape to the longer and more severe summer droughts predicted under future climate change.  相似文献   

A Treatment of Ill-Conditioned Systems In Expansions of Group Velocity Rayleigh Waves     

R. Carbonell  X. Lana 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,97(1):51-57

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Ellipticity and density at the inner core boundary from subcritical PKiKP and PcP data   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Annie Souriau  Marc Souriau 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,98(1):39-54

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天津市GPS连续站数据的处理与分析     

王淼  徐冬  霍磊  易长荣 《全球定位系统》2009,34(1):50-53

简要介绍了天津市12个GPS连续运行站的建设状况和在各领域中的应用，通过最新的精密处理策略对一年多的数据进行计算，得到精确的ITRF坐标时间序列，并分析了ITRF框架下天津市地面水平和垂直坐标变化规律，为GPS技术的进一步运用打下基础。  相似文献   

低渗透变形介质渗透率时变效应规律及对油田开发的影响     

高永利  张志国 《地质科技情报》2012,31(3):70-72

针对低渗透油田开发过程中存在的时变效应,以室内实验为基础,结合数值模拟方法研究了低渗透油藏渗透率时变效应规律及其对油田开发效果的影响.结果表明,上覆压力越大,渗透率时变伤害率越大,上覆压力增大至一定值之后,上覆压力的变化对渗透率伤害率的影响不大.渗透率越小,渗透率时变伤害率越大.当渗透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2时,渗透率时变伤害明显增大,同时难以恢复到原渗透率条件,裂缝性岩心时变伤害大且伤害后恢复更加困难.时变效应对渗透率的伤害主要集中在井筒附近,无因次半径越小,渗透率伤害越大;在相同的生产压差下,时变效应系数越大,油井产量越低.  相似文献   

全国地质资料馆网站访问分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

章浩  庞振山  丁克永  颜世强 《地质通报》2010,29(4):616-621

通过万瑞数据TM互联网全数据整合应用平台,对全国地质资料馆网站在2009年8月5日0时至9月4日24时之间的独立用户数、页面浏览量、访问次数、访问深度、访问频率、平均访问停留时长6个指标进行了统计分析。研究发现,网站访问者主要为专业人员,用户来自以北京为主的国内33个省(自治区、直辖市)和以美国为主的12个国家;网站的页面浏览量虽少,但访问深度和停留时长较强,用户的粘性较好,远大于媒体型网站的用户访问粘度。网站存在访问人员数量较少、关键词专业性强、用户分布不均衡、网站内容更新不及时等问题。建议网站采取适时更新内容、创新表现形式、加强宣传等措施,以吸引更多的用户访问。  相似文献   

Conceptualization of runoff processes using a geographical information system and tracers in a nested mesoscale catchment     

D. Tetzlaff  C. Soulsby  S. Waldron  I. A. Malcolm  P. J. Bacon  S. M. Dunn  A. Lilly  A. F. Youngson 《水文研究》2007,21(10):1289-1307

Tracer investigations were combined with a geographical information system (GIS) analysis of the 31 km² Girnock catchment (Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland) in order to understand hydrological functioning by identifying dominant runoff sources and estimating mean residence times. The catchment has a complex geology, soil cover and topography. Gran alkalinity was used to demonstrate that catchment geology has a dominant influence on baseflow chemistry, but flow paths originating in acidic horizons in the upper soil profiles controlled stormflow alkalinity. Chemically based hydrograph separations at the catchment scale indicated that ～30% of annual runoff was derived from groundwater sources. Similar contributions (23–36%) were estimated for virtually all major sub‐basins. δ¹⁸O of precipitation (mean: ? 9·4‰; range: ? 16·1 to ? 5·0‰) and stream waters (mean: ? 9·1‰; range: ? 11·6 to ? 7·4‰) were used to assess mean catchment and sub‐basin residence times, which were in the order ～4–6 months. GIS analysis showed that these tracer‐based diagnostic features of catchment functioning were consistent with the landscape organization of the catchment. Soil and HOST (Hydrology of Soil Type) maps indicated that the catchment and individual sub‐basins were dominated by hydrologically responsive soils, such as peats (Histosol), peaty gleys (Histic Gleysols) and rankers (Umbric Leptosols and Histosols). Soil cover (in combination with a topographic index) predicted extensive areas of saturation that probably expand during hydrological events, thus providing a high degree of hydrological connectivity between catchment hillslopes and stream channel network. This was validated by aerial photographic interpretation and groundtruthing. These characteristics of hydrological functioning (i.e. dominance of responsive hydrological pathways and short residence times) dictate that the catchment is sensitive to land use change impacts on the quality and quantity of streamflows. It is suggested that such conceptualization of hydrological functioning using tracer‐validated GIS analysis can play an important role in the sustainable management of river basins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

非达西渗流拟启动压力梯度推算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐德敏  黄润秋  刘永平  刘云鹏 《工程地质学报》2011,19(2):225-230

岩体启动压力梯度的大小是石油开采,工程防渗处理等方面需要考虑的影响因素.非线性渗流现象已被广泛所认同,低渗透性岩渗流存在启动压力梯度,它基本代表了流体产生渗流时的压力梯度大小.试验对试样进水端水压进行长期稳定控制,出水端采用精确测定流出水体积变化量的方法进行流量测定;当渗出端水体积的变化量与时间呈直线关系时,即认为该时...  相似文献   

层序地层学研究现状及进展:模式多样化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴和源 《地质科技情报》2011,30(6):60-65

1977年至1988年,层序地层学从诞生逐渐走向成熟,并且形成了一套完整的概念体系和工作方法,这段特殊时期被称为层序地层学的Exxon时代.之后,将最大海泛面作为层序界面的R-T层序模式则代表了后Exxon时代模式多样化的开始.随后,对Exxon层序地层学概念体系不协调的认识则代表了由模式多样化所表征的后Exxon时代...  相似文献