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11.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract A two-parameter gamma distribution for synthetic unit hydrographs (SUH) is compared with the Clark's and Espey's SUHs. A critical comparison of Clark's and gamma UHs, in terms of recession characteristics and time–area curve, is presented. It is observed that, in principle, a gamma UH can represent the hydrograph recession better than the Clark's UH does. Selection of a time–area curve is needed for obtaining the Clark's UH. The main problem in developing a SUH using the Clark's method is identified as the non-availability of a parametric form of the time–area curve. The time–area curve as represented in the hydrological model HEC-1, for the use in Clark's method, is found inadequate and unjustified. Gamma UHs obtained without optimization, for several examples, are found consistent with their physical meanings and better than the respective Clark's UH in reproducing runoff obtained with optimization. The parameters of Clark's UH (i.e. time of concentration and recession constant), as optimized through the HEC-1 program, are found inconsistent with their empirical origins and physical meanings; these lose their physical meaning and serve only as fitting parameters. This is due to the inappropriate time–area curve. A gamma UH has also the advantage of having fewer parameters than Clark's UH, which makes it more identifiable while still maintaining a connection with the physics of the problem. Espey's SUH for urban watersheds is transmuted to a gamma distribution using the empirical equations for the peak and time to peak of the UH. A numerical UH for a gauged catchment, generally obtained through linear programming or a least-squares approach, can be easily transmuted to a gamma UH and, hence, can be given a conceptual interpretation. Thus, these can also be used for developing a SUH. 相似文献
12.
Stéphane Bodin Jean Vermeulen Alexis Godet Karl B. Föllmi 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(10):727-733
The Chopf Member is a glauconitic, phosphate-bearing succession that occurs in the distal part of the Helvetic Alps (eastern Switzerland). The recent discovery of age-diagnostic ammonites within this horizon allows for its attribution to the lower part of the Gerhardtia sartousiana zone (middle Late Barremian). This new age corresponds to a maximal age for the onset of the Schrattenkalk Fm. in this area, and is coeval with the onset of the Urgonian facies in other parts of the western Tethyan realm. This new age allows also for a more precise dating of Late Barremian curves. To cite this article: S. Bodin et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
13.
Guillermo Booth-Rea José Miguel Azañón Vı́ctor Garcı́a-Dueñas Romain Augier 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(9):751-761
The Palomares Fault Zone (PFZ) is one of the main strike-slip brittle shear zones found in the Betics. It is segmented in several faults that have been active between the Upper Tortonian and present day. Data from drill cores in the Palomares area have permitted us to define the geometry and location of sedimentary depocentres related with the PFZ. These data show an eastward displacement between the Upper Tortonian to Messinian and the Pliocene–Quaternary sedimentary depocentres, towards the presently active Arteal fault, which bounds the western mountain front of Sierra Almagrera, showing that deformation along this fault zone has migrated towards the east, from the Palomares segment, with its main activity during the Upper Tortonian and Messinian, towards the Arteal fault, active during the Pliocene and Quaternary. To cite this article: G. Booth-Rea et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献
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15.
Lüyun Zhu Yongsheng Liu Zhaochu Hu Qinghai Hu Xirong Tong Keqing Zong Haihong Chen Shan Gao 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(2):207-229
Fused glass prepared without the addition of a flux is generally more homogeneous than a pressed powder pellet and thus ideal for analysis of bulk samples by LA‐ICP‐MS. In this work, a new glass‐making method using a boron nitride crucible was developed to prepare homogenous glass samples from silicate rock powder. The apparatus consisted of a small boron nitride vessel with net volume of about 34 mm3 and two molybdenum strips. Applying the summed metal oxide normalisation technique, both major and trace element contents in the fused glass were measured by LA‐ICP‐MS. Analyses of five geochemical reference materials (spanning the compositional range basalt–andesite–rhyolite) indicated that the measured SiO2, Al2O3 and P2O5 contents matched the preferred values to within 5%, and the other major elements generally matched the preferred values to within 8%. Except for the transition metals, the measured trace element contents generally matched the preferred values to within 10%. Compared with the iridium heater method developed by Stoll et al. (2008), element volatilisation during high‐temperature melting was effectively suppressed in our method, but metal segregation caused by reduction of BN may cause loss of Cr, Ni and Cu. Although analysis with a large spot size has the advantage of improving counting statistics, matrix effects induced by mass loading of the ICP may hamper the accurate determination of some elements. 相似文献
16.
Benoı̂t Beauchamp 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(9):751-765
Gas hydrates are solid-like substances naturally occurring beneath the oceans and in polar regions. They contain vast, and potentially unstable, reserves of methane and other natural gases. Many believe that, if released in the environment, the methane from hydrates would be a considerable hazard to marine ecosystems, coastal populations and infrastructures, or worse, that it would dangerously contribute to global warming. On the other hand, hydrates may contain enough natural gas to provide an energy supply assurance for the 21st century. This paper attempts to separate the myths, the facts and the issues that relate to natural gas hydrates beyond the doomsday environmental scenarios and overly optimistic estimates. To cite this article: B. Beauchamp, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
17.
Pollution source characterization by the Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test method requires the assessment of the partitioning coefficient of the tracers with the pollutant. Experiments conducted on batch tests (static) and laboratory columns (dynamic) indicated a partitioning kinetics between the reactive tracer (4-methyl 2-pentanol) and the organic phase (trichlorethene); the partitioning coefficient decreases when the flow velocity through the porous medium increases. This partitioning kinetics has been confirmed by the interpretation of the tracer breakthrough curves with a first-order kinetic transfer model. To cite this article: M. Bohy et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
18.
The first oceanic crust in the central Atlantic is usually thought to have a Middle Jurassic age. The new interpretation of the two key parameters, the African homologue of the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly and the situation of the Triassic salt basin of Morocco and Novia Scotia, shows that this age was underestimated by about 20 Ma. In our kinematic reconstruction, the first oceanic crust begins at the Late Sinemurian. This difference in age is crucial for the evolution of those margins and we discuss here its consequences. To cite this article: M. Sahabi et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
19.
Magne Ødegård 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1999,23(2):173-186
This paper describes a technique for the preparation of synthetic calibration materials for use in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and other microtechniques for mineral analysis. The method is based on direct fusion in high-purity graphite electrodes, and the requisite temperatures for melting are obtained by resistance heating using a welding rectifier as the power source. The technique has been tested on quartz (SiO2) and rutile (TiO2) for a relatively large range of elements, including all the rare earth elements. Different starting materials for preparation of calibration materials were studied, and it is shown that many natural materials form separate phases during fusion, resulting in unusable calibration materials for microanalysis. However, calibration materials prepared fully synthetically from oxides and/or element nitrates in solution were found to be of good homogeneity, and this preparation technique was used throughout in this work. The quality of the calibration materials for quartz and rutile was assessed by LA-ICP-MS, using Si and Ti as internal standard elements respectively. The NIST SRM 612 and 614 glass standards were used to assess the accuracy of the calibration materials for quartz. Calibration curves based on two independently prepared sets of calibration materials and the two NIST glasses are shown for a number of elements, demonstrating excellent agreement between the NIST glasses and the synthetically prepared quartz glasses. Vesicles are shown to form in the SiO2 glasses, but this does not influence their value as calibration materials, provided that a reference element is used as an internal standard. The advantages of fusion in high-purity graphite electrodes are emphasised, particularly the very high sublimation point of graphite, its very high state of purity, the very short melting and quench time, the speed and simplicity of the method, and the low risk of introducing impurities. Extension of the method to other minerals and applications is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Guillermo Booth-Rea José Miguel Azañón Bruno Goffé Olivier Vidal José Miguel Martı́nez-Martı́nez 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(11):857-865
We present the first occurrences of high-pressure, low-temperature ferro-magnesiocarpholite-bearing mineral assemblages associated to quartz segregations in the Alpujarride units of southeastern Betics (Sierra de Almagro, Sierra de los Pinos and Sierra Cabrera). Thermobarometric results show that the carpholite-bearing rocks underwent the same P–T conditions in the three outcrops, i.e. 8–10 kbar, 350–400 °C. Metamorphic and structural data allow us to conclude that these rocks belong to the same Alpujarride unit. In the Sierra de Almagro, tectonic units with carpholite-bearing rocks overlie low-pressure, low-temperature Alpujarride units, then forming a stack with an inverted tectono-metamorphic sequence, as observed in the central and western part of the Alpujarride complex. The preservation of carpholite-bearing assemblages in these rocks implies that no significant temperature increase occurred during the exhumation history. To cite this article: G. Booth-Rea et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 857–865. 相似文献