Framvaren and the Black Sea – Similarities and Differences     

David W. Dyrssen 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1999,5(1):59-73

The following determinations in the Norwegian fjord Framvaren and the Black Sea have been compared: carbon-14, carbon-13, alkalinity, total dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfide, tritium (HTO), trace metals, silica, ammonium and phosphate. The historical development of the two anoxic basins is quite different. The carbon-14 age of the total inorganic dissolved carbonate in the deep water is 2000 years in the Black Sea, but only 1600 in Framvaren. The fresh water supply and composition are different. The rivers entering the Black Sea have a high alkalinity, but the river input and runoff to Framvaren has a very low alkalinity. The alkalinity, carbonate and sulfide concentrations in the anoxic waters below the chemoclines are much higher in Framvaren. This is mainly an effect of the different surface to volume ratios. The difference in carbon-13 (-8 for the Black Sea deep water, -19 in the Framvaren bottom water) is mainly due to the smaller imprint of the decomposition of organic matter on the Black Sea deep water.The concentration of trace metals in the particulate form are about the same in the deep water. About 76% of the molybdate in seawater is lost in the sulfidic water of Framvaren, and about 82–96% of the molybdate carried into the Black Sea by the Bosporus undercurrent is lost in the deep water. The relation between silica, ammonium and phosphate can be understood if part of the ammonium is being removed by denitrification, a process that most likely has been going on for thousands of years.  相似文献   

穆兴平原北部地下水年龄及更新性          下载免费PDF全文

苏晨  程中双  郑昭贤  陈宗宇 《中国地质》2019,46(2):328-336

地下水年龄结构是了解一个地区地下水资源开采可持续性的重要基础。穆兴平原地下水开采量增加以及地下水环境恶化,对该地区可持续发展有一定制约,为此在2016年采集CFCs样品31组和3H样品60组,估算了研究区地下水年龄。结果表明,穆兴平原北部地下水年龄为21年到大于65年,由西北部和穆棱河向平原中部及乌苏里江逐渐变老,更新性变差,主要受到大气降水和地表河水补给,但是由于地表覆盖一层黏性土,地下水中缺失小于10年的水;不同井深样品中二者及NO_3~-浓度的变化,表明在60 m以上地下水的防污性能较差,而在100 m以下则较好,饮用水源井深需超过100 m。  相似文献   

Characterization of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, northwest China: hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches     

YongHong Su  Qi Feng  ZongQiang Chang  JianHua Si  ShengKui Cao  HaiYang Xi  Rui Guo 《寒旱区科学》2010,2(6):0477-0492

To characterize the groundwater in the Ejina Basin,surface and groundwater samples were collected in May and October of 2002.On-site analyses included temperature,electrical conductance(EC),total alkalinity(as HCO 3) by titration,and pH.Chemical analyses were undertaken at the Geochemistry Laboratory of the Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,China.The pH of the groundwater ranged from 7.18 to 8.90 with an average value of 7.72,indicating an alkaline nature.The total dissolved solids(TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 567.5 to 5,954.4 mg/L with an average of 1,543.1 mg/L and a standard deviation of 1,471.8 mg/L.According to the groundwater salinity classification of Robinove et al.(1958),47.4 percent of the samples were brackish and the remainder were fresh water.The ion concentration of the groundwater along the riverbed and near the southern margin of the basin were lower than those farther away from the riverbed.The groundwater in the study area was of Na +-HCO 3 type near the bank of the Heihe River and in the southern margin of the basin,while Na +-SO 4 2-Cl type samples were observed in the terminal lake region.In the desert area the groundwater reached a TDS of 3,000-6,000 mg/L and was predominantly by a Na +-Cl chemistry.Br/Cl for the water of Ejina Basin indicates an evaporite origin for the groundwater with a strongly depleted Br/Cl ratio(average 0.000484).The surface water was slightly enriched in Br/Cl(average 0.000711) compared with groundwater.The calculated saturation index(SI) for calcite and dolomite of the groundwater samples range from 0.89 to 1.31 and 1.67 to 2.67 with averaged 0.24 and 0.61,respectively.About 97 percent of the groundwater samples were kinetically oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite,and all the samples were below the equilibrium state with gypsum.Using isotope and hydrochemical analyses,this study investigated the groundwater evolution and its residence time.The groundwater content was mainly determi  相似文献   

人工神经网络方法在大气降水氚浓度恢复中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

龙文华  陈鸿汉  段青梅  李志  潘洪捷  刘荣益 《地质与资源》2008,17(3):208-212

根据人工神经网络能识别输入输出数据间复杂的非线性关系等特性,选用北半球（纬度22~74°）70个站点的IAEA/WMO大气降水氚浓度观测数据,建立了大气降水氚年平均浓度的恢复模型.通过对比认为：人工神经网络恢复的降水氚浓度能客观地反映其真实值,为无资料地区恢复1953年以来大气降水氚浓度提供了一种更好的思路.  相似文献   

液闪法测量断裂带水中3H计数效率的标定          下载免费PDF全文

尹金辉  郑勇刚  刘粤霞 《地震地质》2006,28(4):663-667

文中介绍了如何使用无氚水作为猝灭剂制备系列猝灭源,建立猝灭校正曲线,从而精确标定Quantulus1220液闪仪测量3H的计数效率。实验结果表明,直线拟合校正曲线计算的效率与测量值的偏差小,计数效率变动范围在21.59%～22.68%之间,系列猝灭源刻度仪器计数效率具有快速可靠等优点  相似文献   

A simplified approach to analysing historical and recent tritium data in surface waters          下载免费PDF全文

Robert L. Michel  Pradeep Aggarwal  Luis Araguas‐Araguas  Brent D. Newman  Tomas Vitvar 《水文研究》2015,29(4):572-578

Tritium concentrations in river and stream waters from different locations can be compared by normalizing them using the ratio of tritium concentrations in precipitation and surface water (C_p/C_s) in the study area. This study uses these ratios in a hydrological residence time context to make regional‐ and global‐scale comparisons about river basin dynamics. Prior to the advent of nuclear weapons testing, the C_p/C_s ratio was greater than or equal to 1 everywhere because of the decay of tritium in the watershed after it was deposited by precipitation. After an initial increase in the ratios during the bomb peak, the ratio dropped to less than 1 for most surface waters in the following years. This post‐bomb change in the ratio is due to the retention of the bomb‐pulse water in watersheds on timescales that are long relative to the residence time of tritium in the atmosphere. Ratios were calculated for over 6500 measurements of tritium in river and stream waters compiled by the International Atomic Energy Agency. These measurements span the post‐nuclear era (1940s to present) and include many long‐term datasets, which make it possible to examine residence times of waters in watersheds on a global basis. Plotting C_p/C_s versus time shows that ratios tended to reach a minimum in approximately one to two decades after the bomb peak for most locations. This result suggests that changes affecting quantity and quality of river flows need to be assessed on a multi‐decadal timescale. These long lag times have significant implications for assessing climate or land‐use change impacts on a large number of river systems around the world. The continuing value of tritium in studying surface water systems for both the Southern and Northern Hemisphere is also demonstrated. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献   

Observation of bottom water renewal and export production in the japan basin, east sea using tritium and helium isotopes     

Doshik Hahm  Kyung-Ryul Kim 《Ocean Science Journal》2008,43(1):39-48

Tritium (₃H or T) has been produced mostly by atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, and entered the ocean in the form of water (HTO). As tritium exists as water itself, it has been regarded as an ideal tool to study the transport of water masses. In April 2001 we collected water samples in the western Japan Basin (WJB) for tritium and helium measurement. The timely sampling provided direct evidence of the bottom water formation, resulting in the drastic increase in tritium concentration from 0.3 TU in 2000 to 0.67 TU in 2001. Considering that the new bottom waters were found mostly in the WJB, it implies that maximum 1% of the whole bottom layer below 2600 m should be replaced with the surface water during the severely cold winter 2000—2001.₃H-₃He age, showing the elapsed time since the water left from the surface, can be used to calculate oxygen utilization rate by dividing AOU by the age. Under the condition of 90% oxygen saturation in the surface water, the integration of OUR in the water column below 200 m yields net oxygen consumption of 12 mol (O₂) m^-2 yr^-1, which corresponds to the export production of 99 g C m^-2 yr^-1 . This estimate is comparable to a previous estimate based on satellite data and implies that the ratio of export to primary production (f -ratio) is as high as 0.5 in the WJB.  相似文献   

Using water isotopes and hydrogeochemical evidences to characterize groundwater age and recharge rate in the Zhangjiakou area,North China     

Zhang  Qinghua  Luo  Zhuanxi  Lu  Wen  Harald  Zepp  Zhao  Yufeng  Tang  Jialiang 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(6):935-948

Despite the increasing depletion of the groundwater at the Zhangjiakou aquifer system in the northwest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, little information is available on the hydrological process of groundwater in this region. In this study, we utilized water isotopes composition(δ~(18) O, δD and ~3 H) of groundwater, river and precipitation to identify the characteristics of hydrochemistry, groundwater age and recharge rates in different watersheds of the Zhangjiakou area. Results showed that the river water and groundwater could be characterized as HCO_3-Mg·Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na and HCO_3-Mg·Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na, HCO_3·Cl-Na·Mg types, respectively. The δD and δ~(18) O values in precipitation were linearly correlated, which is similar to the Global Meteorological Water Line(GMWL). Furthermore, the decreasing values of the δD and δ~(18) O from precipitation to surface water and groundwater indicate that groundwater is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation. In addition, the variation of 3 H concentration with depth suggests that groundwater shallower than around 100 m is generally modern water. In contrast, groundwater deeper around 100 m is a mixture of modern and old waters, which has longer residence times. Groundwater showed a relatively low tritium concentration in the confined aquifers, indicating the groundwater recharged might be relatively old groundwater of over 60 years. The flow velocity of the groundwater in the study area varied from 1.10 to 2.26 m/a, and the recharge rates ranged from 0.034 to 0.203 m/a. The obtained findings provide important insights into understanding the groundwater recharge sources and hydrochemistry in the Zhangjiakou area, in turn developing a sustainable groundwater management plan.  相似文献   

用氚的模拟比较被动示踪物平流输送方案     

巴琦  徐永福  李阳春 《大气科学》2011,35(4):607-619

使用一个太平洋海盆尺度环流模式模拟氚的分布,并分别采用二阶中央差(CD)、通量修正输送法(FCT)、分段抛物线法(PPM)、多维正定平流输送法(MPDATA)及二阶矩法(SOM)计算流场对氚的平流输送,通过结果比较考察算法间的差异.模拟试验设定为完整物理过程情形( CASEl)及仅含平流、对流情形(CASE2).CAS...  相似文献   

全球大气降水中年平均氚浓度的恢复模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

章艳红  叶淑君  吴吉春 《地质论评》2011,57(3):409-418

氚作为一种天然的环境同位素可广泛应用于水文地质领域,由于实测资料的稀缺,极大地限制了氚的应用。为了能够解决这一问题,选用国际原子能机构最近发布的1960~2005年南纬50°至北纬70°区域内氚值实测资料,应用因子分析方法建立了全球大气降水中年平均氚浓度的恢复模型。选取了三个任意典型站点对采用“直接求参法”所建模型进行了验证和一个任选站点对采用“间接求参法”所建模型进行了验证,然后以南京站为例对模型进行了具体应用。因子分析应用于全球氚值恢复具有物理意义明确、适用范围广泛、操作方法简单、影响因素少,很好地恢复出氚值变化曲线的峰值和形态等特点。分析结果表明全球模型输出结果与实测值吻合,不但具有全球适用性,而且在一定程度上解决了原全球模型精度欠佳的问题,为资料稀缺和无资料地区1960~2005年大气降水中年平均氚浓度恢复提供了一种新方法。同时对模型应用中出现的问题也提出了解决方案。  相似文献