Model study of the relationship between sediment yield and river basin area     

S. J. Birkinshaw  J. C. Bathurst 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(6):750-761

The SHETRAN physically based, spatially distributed model is used to investigate the scaling relationship linking specific sediment yield to river basin area, for two contrasting topographies of upland and more homogeneous terrain and as a function of sediment source, land use and rainfall distribution. Modelling enables the effects of the controls to be examined on a systematic basis, while avoiding the difficulties associated with the use of field data (which include limited data, lack of measurements for nested basins and inability to isolate the effects of individual controls). Conventionally sediment yield is held to decrease as basin area increases, as the river network becomes more remote from the headwater sediment sources (an inverse relationship). However, recent studies have reported the opposite variation, depending on the river basin characteristics. The simulation results are consistent with these studies. If the sediment is supplied solely from hillslope erosion (no channel bank erosion) then, with uniform land use, sediment yield either decreases or is constant as area increases. The downstream decrease is accentuated if rainfall (and thence erosion) is higher in the headwaters than at lower elevations. Introducing a non‐uniform land use (e.g. forest at higher elevations, wheat at lower elevations) can reverse the trend, so that sediment yield increases downstream. If the sediment is supplied solely from bank erosion (no hillslope erosion), the sediment yield increases downstream for all conditions. The sediment yield/basin area relationship can thus be inverse or direct, depending on basin characteristics. There still remains, therefore, considerable scope for defining a universal scaling law for sediment yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling peak accelerations from earthquakes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Debbie J. Dupuis  Joanna Mills Flemming 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(8):969-987

This paper deals with the prediction of peak horizontal accelerations with emphasis on seismic risk and insurance concerns. Non‐linear mixed effects models are used to analyse well‐known earthquake data and the consequences of mis‐specifying assumptions on the error term are quantified. A robust fit of the usual model, using recently developed robust weighted maximum likelihood estimators, is presented. Outlying data are automatically identified and subsequently investigated. A more appropriate model accounting for the extreme value nature of the responses, is also developed and implemented. The implication on acceleration predictions is demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

冲绳海槽宫古段中央地堑的形态与分布   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

栾锡武  高金耀  梁瑞才  秦蕴珊 《地质学报》2006,80(8):1149-1156

采用中国科学院海洋研究所“科学1号”调查船及国家海洋局“向阳红9号”调查船最近几年在冲绳海槽宫古段进行海底地形及反射地震调查所取得的数据,首次详细展示了冲绳海槽宫古段南北长约200km区域内中央地堑的形态及空间展布特征。本文给出的成果大大加深了关于冲绳海槽中央地堑各种变化的认识。指出,按照形态,中央地堑分为U型、V型和半地堑三种。其中大部分中央地堑为U型地堑。地堑的深度40～250m,宽度6～14km,长度17～33km。冲绳海槽宫古段的最大水深为2244.4m,位于中央地堑城阳段北端底部靠东的一侧(125°19.3′E,25°49.8′N)。本研究区的中央地堑可分为断续的9段,从东北向西南大致呈右旋雁行排列。但黄岛段相对于崂山段,城阳段相对于莱西段,李仓段相对于城阳段又稍微向西偏出,呈现为左旋雁行排列。地堑的走向一般为N60°E左右,相对于冲绳海槽的走向更偏向于东西方向,偏角在15°左右。各段中央地堑是被NW向断裂错开的。这些断裂在海底表现为明显的海底断崖地貌和陡沟地貌,在地震剖面上表现为明显的地层错位,其错位的幅度往往老地层比新地层要大。根据地震剖面分析,这些NW向的断裂应该是走滑性质的。本文展示的中央地堑在形态上和空间展布形式上都和扩张洋脊类似。莱西段和城阳段中央地堑之间重叠地堑,在形式上也类似于扩张洋脊的重叠扩张中心。从地堑深度较浅并发育重叠地堑来分析,冲绳海槽的扩张速率应当介于慢速扩张和中速扩张之间。本研究区莱西段、即墨段和平度段海底地形相对较高,中央地堑深度变浅,并发育重叠中央地堑,应该相当于快速扩张大洋中脊的轴高,可能是正在孕育岩浆活动的位置。目前我们所观测到的中央地堑的错断和有规律的排列说明海槽的主体演化过程已经在拉张盆地和断陷盆地的基础上上升到一个更高的阶段。本文根据中央地堑的展布形式、重叠中央地堑,及其两侧中央地堑中的海底山推测此区域海底扩张可能正在进行。  相似文献   

陆相坳陷盆地层序地层格架下岩性地层圈闭/油藏类型与分布规律——以松辽盆地白垩系泉头组—嫩江组为例   总被引：4，自引：12，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

邹才能  陶士振  谷志东 《地质科学》2006,41(4):711-719

本文在圈闭组成和形成条件分析的基础上对坳陷盆地层序地层格架下岩性地层圈闭/油藏类型与分布规律进行了初步分析和总结,探讨了层序地层格架下不同体系域中圈闭/油藏类型的纵向分布、盆地中不同构造部位圈闭/油藏类型的横向分布规律。系统解剖了松辽坳陷盆地白垩系二级层序格架内低位、湖侵和高位体系域中圈闭/油藏类型的纵向分布和变化特征;对比分析了坳陷盆地从凹陷带(近凹中心)、过渡带(凹陷边缘)到斜坡带(环凹斜坡)圈闭/油藏类型的横向分布和变化规律。圈闭/油藏类型的纵、横向分布和变化规律表明:岩性地层圈闭/油藏的形成及类型具有纵向“层控”、横向“相控”的规律性,即纵向上受控于层序格架(体系域),横向上受控于一定构造背景下特定的沉积相带。  相似文献   

Velocity distribution in a gradually accelerating free surface flow     

Shu-Qing Yang  Wei-Lin Xu  Guo-Liang Yu   《Advances in water resources》2006,29(12):1969-1980

This study investigates the interaction of the vertical velocity v and the streamwise velocity u in a gradually accelerating flow. The analytical result shows that the momentum of uv driven by the mean velocities in a non-uniform flow is not negligible. This additional momentum directly results in the concave profiles of Reynolds shear stress in gradually accelerating flows, a departure from the expected linear profile. Consequently, this momentum causes the maximum velocity to be located below the free surface, i.e., the dip-phenomenon. This paper investigated the interactions of the Reynolds shear stress, non-zero vertical velocity and dip-phenomenon, it is found that the non-zero vertical velocity causes the dip-phenomenon. The approach is tested using the experimental data of Song and others, and good agreements between the predicted and measured velocity profiles have been achieved.  相似文献   

DEVEX-disdrometer evaluation experiment: Basic results and implications for hydrologic studies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Witold F. Krajewski  Anton Kruger  Clelia Caracciolo  Peter Golé  Laurent Barthes  Jean-Dominique Creutin  Jean-Yves Delahaye  Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos  Fred Ogden  Jean-Paul Vinson 《Advances in water resources》2006

Increasing our understanding of the small scale variability of drop size distributions (DSD), and therefore of several bulk characteristics of rainfall processes, has major implications for our interpretation of the remote sensing based estimates of precipitation and its uncertainty. During the spring and summer of 2002 the authors conducted the DEVEX experiment (disdrometer evaluation experiment) to compare measurements of natural rain made with three different types of disdrometers collocated at the Iowa City Municipal Airport in Iowa City, Iowa in the Midwestern United States. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the instruments rather than analysis of the hydrometeorological aspects of the observed events. The comparison demonstrates discrepancies between instruments. The authors discuss the systematic and random effects in terms of rainfall quantities, drop size distribution properties, and the observed drop size vs. velocity relationships. Since the instruments were collocated, the effects of the natural variability of rain are reduced some with time integration, isolating the instrumental differences. The authors discuss the status of DSD measurement technologies and the implications for a range of hydrologic applications from remote sensing of rainfall to atmospheric deposition to soil erosion and sediment transport in the environment. The data set collected during the DEVEX experiment is made available to the research community.  相似文献   

基于? -SVR算法的隧道围岩位移演化规律预测   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈秋南  张永兴  赵明华  刘新荣 《岩土力学》2006,27(4):591-593

针对目前广泛应用的灰色理论、遗传算法(GA)和人工神经网络(ANN)等方法预测隧道稳定性的缺陷，提出应用稳健性能较好的? -SVR（support vector machine）算法对非对称连拱隧道围岩位移演化规律进行预测研究。应用加速混合遗传算法搜索? -SVR最优参数，以提高? -SVR的预测能力。将预测结果与灰色理论、BP神经网络预测结果进行比较，显示? -SVR算法学习和预测精度高。  相似文献   

荒漠戈壁区地表疏松层中元素的分布规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵善定  王学求 《物探与化探》2006,30(6):517-520

通过对荒漠戈壁区不同矿区地表疏松层中元素的分布规律研究发现:主要成矿元素和指示元素均在近地表疏松层中富集,同时,在粒级分布上又倾向于细粒级(-160目)富集,可见,在对荒漠戈壁区进行区域地球化学调查中,采集弱胶结层(10~40 cm)细粒级样品(-160目)为最佳采样介质,这样能有效地捕捉深部含矿信息。  相似文献   

河南淅川地质灾害发育特点探讨     

杨军伟  黄景春  魏玉虎  刘磊  何俊照 《华北地质》2006,29(2):130-135

通过对淅川县地质灾害规律的研究,认为该区地质灾害的分布受地形地貌控制,及地层岩性、工程地质特征的影响。地质灾害发生频率随年降雨量、汛期降雨量大小相应变化,区域人类工程活动强度决定地质灾害发育程度。通过研究地质灾害和地质构造的关系,探讨了断裂、褶皱等地质构造对地质灾害发育分布的影响和控制作用,认为沿断裂带走向地质灾害呈条带状分布,断裂密集或交叉区域、断陷盆地周边、荆—师复向斜陡倾岩层分布区,地质灾害多发生。  相似文献   

网络化基础地理信息分发服务体系设计研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周星  丁明柱  周旭 《测绘科学》2006,31(2):60-62

本文对我国基础地理信息的网络化分发服务体系进行了顶层设计研究,提出该体系在机构形式上由协调机构、数据中心、数据交换中心以及资质认证中心等组成,在业务系统上由门户网站系统、信息认证系统、信息分发服务系统、产品制作管理系统和广域联网系统等构成,主要功能包括基础地理信息搜索、检索、浏览、在线处理、销售、下载以及地理信息技术支持等。  相似文献