汶川地震对现代河流形态的影响与水文效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许领  戴福初  涂新斌  王明明 《高校地质学报》2009,15(3)

2008年5月12日14时28分,我国四川发生里氏8.0级大地震,发震构造为龙门山断裂带.形成了NE向映秀-北川断裂地表破裂带,彭县-灌县断裂破裂带以及NW向的小鱼洞破裂带,表现为逆冲-走滑性质.目前,有关地表破裂、次生地质灾害及堰塞湖等开展了大量的调查工作,而地震对河流形态的影响还缺少较为系统的分析.在野外地震地貌考察的基础上,根据河流走向与断层位置关系,并结合地表破裂特征,总结了汶川地震对现代河流形态影响的几种地貌类型:顺向陡坎跌水,河道错动,断寨湖(塘),河流改道等,并对其演化趋势进行了讨论.分析了汶川地震的河流水文效应:地震增加了河流泥沙含量,改变了河流水质,同时,也使得河流与地下水系统之间的联系更为紧密.  相似文献   

塔里木河流域近期综合治理工程生态成效评估     

张鹏飞  古丽&#  加帕尔  包安明  孟凡浩  郭辉  郭浩  罗敏  黄晓然 《干旱区地理》2017,40(1):156-164

基于源流下泄水量及生态输水变化、台特玛湖面积变化、土地覆被状况指数、植被净初级生产力等评价指标,对塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划工程生态成效及成因进行了评估。结果显示：塔里木河阿拉尔水文站年均径流量达45.76×10⁸ m³,台特玛湖水域面积2014年增加至415.67 km²,源流输水量及水流基本到达台特玛湖基本达到综合治理规划要求;整个流域耕地的增加对自然植被的影响较大,毁林开荒现象需要关注;源流区阿克苏河流域和叶尔羌河流域生态系统状况稳定性较好,和田河流域次之,开-孔河流域稳定性较差,开-孔河山区急需拟定应对生态状况变差的措施;塔里木河干流耕地增加较快,上游和中游生态系统结构在维持民生发展的前提下急需调整,下游生态系统结构好转。  相似文献   

Fishery benefits from exploiting spawning aggregations not solely dependent on enhanced fish density     

J Robinson  NAJ Graham  C Gerry  J Bijoux 《African Journal of Marine Science》2017,39(3):269-278

The vulnerability of spawning aggregations to exploitation varies among fisheries as a result of differences in the population-density changes associated with this behaviour. However, vulnerability to fishing is also influenced by technology, environmental factors, and fish and fisher behaviours. Focusing on a fishery for the rabbitfish Siganus sutor at Praslin Island, Seychelles, we examined how catch rate varied across spawning and non-spawning habitats in relation to in situ population-density changes and other factors known to influence catchability. Catch rates in spawning habitat were disproportionate to density changes, being only fourfold greater than catch rates in non-spawning habitat, despite the fact that spawning-aggregation formation involved nine- to thirteen-fold increases in population density. Catch rates in spawning habitat were also highly variable across the spawning season (0–23.4 fish trap-hour^?1). Current strength was of similar importance to density as a catch-rate predictor, with the highest catch rates in spawning habitats confined to months with the strongest currents. Therefore, in addition to density-dependent catchability, other factors that influence catch rates must be examined to avoid overestimation of the vulnerability of populations to aggregation fishing. The dynamics of catchability at spawning sites can limit the ability of fishers to predict and maximise returns based on increases in fish density.  相似文献   

基于不同方向模量损失率的含瓦斯煤各向异性渗透模型     

亓宪寅  李家卓  王威 《岩土力学》2018,39(2):635-643

煤是自然界中一种常见的沉积岩,它具有显著的各向异性特征。然而目前针对煤体渗透特性研究,多数学者为了简化问题,多假设煤体为各向同性材料,提出了相应的各向同性渗透模型。这类模型并不能完全反映含瓦斯煤气-固耦合真实工程和室内试验的实际情况。假设煤体为横观各向同性,推导出以不同方向模量损失率为关键参数的煤体各向异性渗透模型,在此基础上,推导出含瓦斯煤的气-固耦合控制方程,并植入Comsol计算平台,系统研究煤体各向异性对气体扩散和渗透的影响。理论和数值研究结果表明：不同方向的模量损失率 反映出煤体结构各向异性变化程度,若 不同,其煤体各方向渗透特性也不相同;煤体渗透率的改变主要受解吸附效应和有效应力作用双重影响, 反映了这两种效应对于渗透率的影响程度;单轴应变或位移控制边界条件下,水平方向的模量损失率 对于垂直方向的煤体渗透率改变量 的影响程度大于对水平方向的煤体渗透率改变量 的影响程度,垂直方向模量损失率 对 的影响则弱于对于 的影响。  相似文献   

三维动态地形中瀑布的设计与实现     

胡新荣  李德华 《CT理论与应用研究》2004,13(1):38-42

目的文中了说明三维地形的模拟是进行室外可视化系统开发的一个必不可少的工作.方法文中提出了一个利用粒子系统的方法来模拟三维地形中瀑布的运动和汹涌直下.结果通过粒子作用范围及浓度的变化模拟瀑布的运动,介绍了粒子的表示和粒子系统的一般原理.结论给出了一种基于粒子系统的快速绘制三维地形中瀑布的方法.  相似文献   

海洋环境中铁的来源、微生物作用过程及生态效应     

冯世博  姜玥璐  蔡中华  曾艳华  周进 《地球科学进展》2019,(5):513-522

铁在地壳中的含量位列第四,在海洋中常以微量元素的身份出现。铁拥有多变的价态和多样的功能,是调节海洋初级生产力和驱动海洋生物地球化学循环的重要力量。以往的研究表明,铁在维持初级生产力、耦合物质循环以及调节生源要素转化中具有重要作用。近年来微生物生态学的发展将铁的研究推向了新的高度,包括微生物驱动的铁氧化-还原行为、代谢过程以及与主要元素(C/N/P)的交互关系等。以近15年发表的文献为重点,尝试综述铁的最新进展。首先梳理了海洋中铁的来源和赋存状态(溶解态、胶体态、颗粒态和有机态);其次阐释了微生物介导的铁氧化还原类型和过程机制(如硝酸盐氧化、生物还原等);最后总结了铁与C/N/P循环的耦合关系以及在特定生态事件中的生态效应。此外,对海洋铁研究的“化学-生物-物理”理论框架也进行了展望,旨在为更好地认识铁循环及其在海洋微生态过程的作用提供资料借鉴。  相似文献   

Non-adiabatic effects in the solar p-mode oscillations     

Shao-lan Bi  Ru-feng Li 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》1997,21(4):474-480

Non-adiabatic effects associated with radiative loss and convective transfer add small imaginary parts to solar p-mode eigenfrequencies. An asymptotic approximation is developed to study the non-adiabatic effects. For the outermost layer where the approximation is not valid, an exact solution of the equation of non-adiabatic oscillation which results in an cigenfunction equation, is used. The inclusion of the non-adiabatic effects reduces the discrepancy between the theory and observations particularly for frequencies above 3.1 mHz.  相似文献   

Scale effects in fluvial sediment-associated chemical data     

E. D. Ongley 《水文研究》1987,1(2):171-179

Assessment of man's impact on fluvial systems frequently involves extrapolation in time and space from data collected as part of a water quality network. Extrapolation represents information transfer and is used for scenario building and risk assessment. Transfer functions for non-conservative quality variables are poorly understood. Metals, phosphorus, and organic contaminants, which are preferentially transported in association with suspended sediment, are especially susceptible to extrapolation errors. Information loss, which is inherent in extrapolation procedures, is characterized for sediment-associated substances by examining the assumptions and limitations of the sediment delivery ratio. A practical demonstration of scale effects and interpretive difficulties is provided using data from the Bow River, Alberta. Guidelines for data assessment and extrapolation are summarized for temporal effects and for three different spatial scales.  相似文献   

Air-flow geometry in air sparging of fine-grained sands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Peterson  K. Murray  Y. Tulu  B. Peuler  D. Wilkens 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(2):168-176

Laboratory visualization experiments in fine- to very fine-grained sands (grain diameter <0.21 mm) reveal a previously unrecognized air-flow geometry. This air-flow geometry is termed "chamber flow" and is characterized by: (1) a significant horizontal component, (2) pervasive air-flow coverage within a region demarcated by a distinct, irregular boundary, and (3) the presence of predominantly vertical inlet and outlet channels. The attributes of chamber flow differ significantly from channelized flow and pervasive/bubbly flow, which occur at larger grain sizes and have been described in the literature by several researchers. Previous research, which indicates a dramatic increase in contaminant removal time in sediments <0.2 mm, indirectly corroborates the phenomena observed in this study. The extent of sediment column affected by chamber flow of sparge air ranges from 4–54% on an area basis, and is approximately 28% on a volume basis. These values indicate that chamber air flow has the potential to affect a much larger percentage of the sediment column than either channelized or pervasive/bubbly flow. Because of the irregularity of air-flow chambers, in terms of both form and frequency, a detailed knowledge of stratigraphy is important to maximize air-sparging efficiency at sites where chamber flow is likely to occur. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

Site effects in Mexico City urban zone. A complementary study     

Francisco J. Chavez-Garcia  Julio Cuenca 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(2):141

Site effects are a major factor affecting seismic risk at Mexico City conurbation and have been carefully studied. However, most of the studies and instrumentation concentrate in Mexico City. We present an evaluation of site effects in the counties of Estado de Mexico, to the North of Mexico City, that have been incorporated into Mexico City conurbation. We measured microtremors at 67 points and operated a temporal digital seismograph network. Our results allow us to extend the dominant period map of Mexico City to the heavily populated and industrialized counties of Estado de Mexico. Additionally, we propose a map of maximum relative amplification. Both maps are consistent with local geology, and could be useful for microzonation of this region.  相似文献