烟曲霉对蛇纹石和橄榄石风化作用的试验研究     

姚敏杰  连宾 《地质学报》2011,85(9)

含镁硅酸盐矿物是重要自然资源,国内外大都采用传统的化学方法进行开发利用,而微生物法释放含镁硅酸盐矿物中镁和硅的研究还未见报道。试验采用摇瓶培养与对照结合的方法研究烟曲霉(Aspergillusfumigatus)对含镁硅酸盐矿物——蛇纹石和橄榄石的风化作用。试验采用ICP-OES测定第5、10、20、30 d培养液滤液中Mg2+和Si的含量,同时对相应试样的pH值和代谢产物进行分析测定,采用SEM和TEM观察作用后的微生物-矿物聚集体。结果表明,烟曲霉作用蛇纹石和橄榄石试样滤液中的Mg2+和Si含量变化不仅与烟曲霉生长状况有关,而且与矿物的晶体结构相关,蛇纹石较橄榄石更易被烟曲霉风化;另外烟曲霉在生长过程中产生的酸性代谢产物有助于对矿物的风化;SEM和TEM观察结果直观地显示出烟曲霉对蛇纹石和橄榄石的风化作用痕迹。综合分析认为,烟曲霉对蛇纹石和橄榄石的风化作用应该是酸溶作用、菌丝对矿物的穿插包裹和菌丝体对养分的吸收等方式协同作用的综合效果。研究结果为探讨真菌与矿物相互作用的过程与机理以及为微生物法开发蛇纹石和橄榄石矿产资源提供了基础资料。  相似文献   

New challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering rates     

M. Brandmeier  J. Kuhlemann  I. Krumrei  A. Kappler  P.W. Kubik 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(6):839-852

Cavernous tafoni‐type weathering is a common and conspicuous global feature, creating artistic sculptures, which may be relevant for geochemical budgets. Weathering processes and rates are still a matter of discussion. Field evidence in the type locality Corsica revealed no trend of size variability from the coast to subalpine elevations and the aspect of tafoni seems to be governed primarily by the directions of local fault systems and cleavage, and only subordinately by wind directions or the aspect of insulation. REM analysis of fresh tafone chips confirmed mechanical weathering by the crystallization of salts, as conchoidal fracturing of quartz is observed. The salts are only subordinately provided by sea spray, as calcium and sodium sulfates rather than halite dominate even close to the coast. Characteristic element ratios compare well with aerosols from mixed African and European air masses. Sulfates are largely derived from Sahara dust, indicated by their sulfur isotopic composition. Salt crystals form by capillary rise within the rock and subsequent crystallization in micro‐cracks and at grain boundaries inside rain‐protected overhangs. Siderophile bacteria identified by raster electron microscopy (REM) analysis of tafone debris contribute to accelerated weathering of biotite and tiny sulfide ore minerals. By applying ¹⁰Be‐exposure dating, weathering rates of large mature tafone structures were found to be about an order of magnitude higher than those on the exposed top of the affected granite blocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The nature and transport of the fine‐grained component of Swift Creek Landslide,Northwest Washington     

Tovah M. Bayer  Scott Linneman 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(5):624-640

Extreme sedimentation in Swift Creek, located in the Cascades foothills in NW Washington (48°55′N, 122°16′W), results from erosion of the oversteepened, unvegetated toe of a large (55 hectares) active landslide. Deposition of landslide‐derived sediment has necessitated costly mitigation projects in the channel including annual dredging and temporary sediment traps in an attempt to reduce the risk of flooding and damage to man‐made structures downstream. This study attempts to understand the process of sediment production along with the corresponding erosion rates of the sediment source to help with the development of mitigation plans and construction of optimal sediment reservoirs. The bedload and suspended sediment in the creek are a direct result of the weathering process of the serpentinitic bedrock underlying the landslide. The serpentinite does not weather to smectite clay, as previously thought. Instead, it weathers to asbestiform chrysotile with minor amounts of chlorite, illite and hydrotalcite, all of which occur in clay seeps on the unvegetated surface of the landslide. The chrysotile fibers average 2 µm in length and make up at least 50%, by volume, of the suspended load transported in Swift Creek. This study does not address the environmental or health implications of the asbestiform chrysotile transport or deposition. During the sampled time between February 2005 and February 2006, 127 discrete suspended sediment samples were collected and discharge was measured 66 times. The suspended sediment concentrations ranged from 0·02 g L^?1 to 41·6 g L^?1 and the discharge ranged from 0·0 m³ s^?1 to 0·5 m³ s^?1. A nonlinear functional model estimated the total suspended sediment flux from detailed precipitation records and discrete suspended sediment concentration and discharge measurements to be 910 t km^?2 yr^?1. When the suspended sediment flux is coupled with estimates of downstream deposition of coarse sediment, the estimated erosion rate for the entire Swift Creek landslide is 158 mm yr^?1. The majority of the material entering Swift Creek is presumed to originate on the unvegetated toe of the landslide, for which the erosion rate is thus approximately 1 m yr^?1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Development of an automated method for continuous detection and quantification of cliff erosion events     

Pascal Bernatchez  Yvon Jolivet  Maude Corriveau 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(3):347-362

Three intrusive systems of detection and quantification of coastal erosion events (using thermocouples and thermal pins) were developed and tested from 2005 to 2008 in different regions of the Gulf and maritime estuary of the St Lawrence (Quebec, Canada). The 3‐m‐long thermal pins inserted inside unconsolidated deposits allow the monitoring of erosion for a time period sometimes extending over several seasons. The thermocouple or thermocable method allows not only the instrumentation of unconsolidated deposits but also of rocky and cohesive substrate to a depth of 85 cm. An autonomous microclimatic station located near the experimental sites simultaneously samples temperature parameters, precipitation, snow cover, wind speed and direction as well as global radiation. The differential analysis of cliff thermal regime performed simultaneously with an analysis of air temperature makes it possible to determine the activation periods of coastal erosion processes. The results also make it possible to establish with precision the actual influence of rapid variations of certain climatic and microclimatic parameters (radiation, presence of snow cover, precipitation, etc.) on the physical state of surfaces and also on the activation of certain physical processes connected to coastal erosion events. The automated thermal erosion pin system (ATEPS) allows high temporal resolution (i.e. continuous) monitoring, enabling a real coupling of coastal erosion rates and climatic parameters. Preliminary results with the ATEPS system indicate that mild winter temperature and direct solar radiation are significant factors controlling cliff retreat rates. Moreover, the melting of segregation ice during the spring thaw contributed for more than 70% of cliff retreat against only 30% for frost shattering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The topography of drumlins; assessing their long profile shape     

Matteo Spagnolo  Chris D. Clark  Anna L.C. Hughes  Paul Dunlop 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(6):790-804

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Monsoon variability and chemical weathering during the late Pleistocene in the Goriganga basin, higher central Himalaya, India     

Steven P. Beukema  R.V. Krishnamurthy  N. Juyal  N. Basavaiah  A.K. Singhvi 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):597-604

Stable isotope analysis along with radiocarbon and luminescence dating of late Pleistocene lacustrine deposits at Burfu in the higher central Himalaya are used to interpret hydrologic changes in the lake basin. From 15.5 ka to ~ 14.5 ka the Burfu lake was largely fed by melting glaciers. A warming event at 14.5 ka suggests an enhanced monsoon and increased carbonate weathering. From ~ 13.5 ka to ~ 12.5 ka the isotopic data suggest large-amplitude climate variability. Following this, the isotope data suggest a short-lived, abrupt cooling event, comprising a ~ 300-yr intense cool period followed by a ~ 500-yr interval of moderate climate. A shift in isotope values at ~ 11.3 ka may signify a strengthening monsoon in this region. The inferred climatic excursions appear to be correlative, at least qualitatively, with global climatic events, and perhaps the Burfu lake sequence provides regional evidence of globally recorded excursions. This study also suggests a potential use of radiocarbon ages in specific environments as a paleoenvironmental proxy.  相似文献   

Controls on late Quaternary incised‐valley dimension along passive margins evaluated using empirical data     

CHRISTOPHER R. MATTHEUS  ANTONIO B. RODRIGUEZ 《Sedimentology》2011,58(5):1113-1137

Incised valleys are canyon‐like features that initially form near the highstand shoreline and evolve over geological time as rivers erode into coastal plains and continental shelves to maintain equilibrium‐gradient profiles in response to sea‐level fall. Most of these valleys flood during sea‐level rise to form estuaries. Incised‐valley morphology strongly controls the rate of creation of sediment accommodation, valley‐fill facies architecture and the preservation potential of coastal lithosomes on continental shelves, and affects coastal physical processes. Nonetheless, little is known about what dictates incised‐valley size and shape and whether these metrics can be used to explain principal formation processes. The main control on alluvial channel morphology over human time scales is discharge; this is based on numerous empirical studies and is well‐constrained because all variables are easily measured at this short time scale. Knowledge of long‐term river evolution over a complete glacio‐eustatic cycle, on the contrary, remains largely conceptual, experimental and based on individual systems because variables that are thought to drive morphological change are not easily quantified. In spite of this difficulty, existing models of incised‐valley formation at the coast suggest that valley evolution is driven largely by downstream forcing mechanisms, highlighting sea‐level and shelf gradient/morphology as the dominant controls on valley incision. Although valleys are cut by rivers, whose channels are a direct reflection of discharge, little empirical data exist in coastal areas to address the degree to which valley evolution is governed by upstream controls. The late Quaternary is the best time period to examine because it provides the most complete sedimentary record and many variables, including sea‐level, tectonics, substrate lithology and drainage network characteristics, are accurately constrained. Here, 38 late Quaternary valleys along the coast of two different passive continental margins are compared, which suggests that valley shape and size are governed primarily by upstream, intrinsic controls such as discharge. Valley width, depth and cross‐sectional area are found to be predictable at the highstand shoreline and are scaled with the size of their drainage basin, which has important implications for estimating sediment discharge to continental shelves and deep water environments during periods of low sea‐level.  相似文献   

Sr fluxes and Sr/Sr characterization of river waters from a karstic versus granitic watershed in the Yangtze River     

Yongbin Jiang  Hongbing Ji 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2011

The watershed in the southern Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province is called simply Gan) (SGW) and the watershed in the central Guizhou Province (Guizhou Province is called simply Qian) (CQW) are two subtropical watersheds of the Yangtze River in China. Both watersheds have similar latitudes and climate, but distinct differences in basin lithology. These similarities and differences provide a good natural laboratory in which to investigate weathering processes and Sr end-members in river waters. This work aims to identify and contrast the sources, fluxes and controls on Sr isotopic composition in the river waters of these two areas. Results showed that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the SGW waters ranged from 0.716501 to 0.724931, with dissolved Sr averaging 27 μg l^− 1. Rhyolites and granites are two major sources for the dissolved Sr. The SGW waters receive 42% of their Sr from silicates weathering, 32% from carbonates and 3.2% from evaporites. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the CQW waters has a lesser variation from 0.707694 to 0.710039, but higher Sr contents (average of 208 μg l^− 1). Dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone are major sources of Sr in the waters. The CQW waters receive 69% of their Sr from carbonates, 1.7% from silicates and 0.9% from evaporites. The chemical erosion rate and Sr flux in the CQW are 122 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.079 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively, which are higher than those of the SGW (56 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.021 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively). These data suggest that the intensive carbonates weathering occurred in the karstic area in the upper-reach of the Yangtze River exert great influence on the high Sr concentration and low Sr isotopic ratios in the River.  相似文献   

湖光岩玛珥湖非残渣态Rb/Sr比值研究及其古气候意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曾艳  陈敬安  张维  朱正杰  李键 《地球化学》2011,40(3):249-257

湖泊沉积物Rb/Sr比值变化主要受控于Sr含量的变化,而真正反映流域化学风化强度的主要是迁移至集水盆地(湖泊)的溶解态Sr2+,在沉积物中主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态等形式存在.通过对不同赋存状态的Rb/Sr比值与相应的Sr含量之间相关关系的对比分析发现,沉积物非残渣态Rb/Sr比值更好地反映了流域化学风化.根...  相似文献   

冀北凹陷高于庄组与洪水庄组在岩芯、露头中多赋存态生物标志物的对比     

崔景伟 《沉积学报》2011,29(3):593-598

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对采自燕山地区冀北凹陷的中元古界长城系高于庄组(Chg)灰岩和蓟县系洪水庄组(Jxh)泥页岩露头和岩芯中不同赋存状态生物标志物进行了分析.正构烷烃和萜类生物标志物显示从高于庄组(Chg)到洪水庄组(Jxh)生源由浮游类和底栖类为主转变为浮游类为主,而沉积水体的盐度则由高变低.露头样品和相应岩芯中...  相似文献