Influence of the Sedimentary Cover in the Cologne Area on the Shape of Response Spectra     

J. Röhner  S. A. Savidis 《Natural Hazards》2006,38(1-2):215-227

For the greater area of the city of Cologne a microzonation from an earthquake engineering perspective was introduced. The area has been divided into eight subregions with approximately uniform soil profile. For all regions the influence of the sediments on simulated earthquakes has been investigated by three well known methods: 2-layer solution, SHAKE 91, HASKELL matrix algorithm. The transfer functions and response spectra were computed and compared to the elastic acceleration response spectra of the German building code E-DIN 4149. Two different methods for the generation of synthetic accelerograms and the three wave propagation analysis procedures have been compared and a series of issues relevant to the practical application of them were discussed.  相似文献   

Engineering-Seismological Analysis of Site Effects in the Area of Cologne     

Sergey Tyagunov  Dirk Hollnack  Friedemann Wenzel 《Natural Hazards》2006,38(1-2):199-214

The study was implemented in the framework of the DFNK (Deutsches Forschungsnetz Naturkatastrophen – German Research Network Natural Disasters) project. The area around the city of Cologne was chosen as an object for assessment of seismic hazard and risk. A comprehensive geo-database was compiled for the area, which allows using a computational approach for analysis of site amplification functions and probable surface effects. Taking into account peculiarities of the local soil conditions, the analysis of site effects included both amplification of ground motions and liquefaction potential. These phenomena, having different nature, are interrelated and can considerably contribute to seismic hazard. This paper presents some results obtained on the base of computational analysis using geo-modeling.  相似文献   

High-temperature single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite     

Martin Kunz  George A. Lager  Hans-Beat Bürgi  Maria Teresa Fernandez-Diaz 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(1):17-27

The H-atom environment in a Tilly Foster chondrodite was analyzed using single-crystal neutron-diffraction data collected at 500, 700 and 900 K and previously published low temperature data collected at 10, 100 and 300 K on the same crystal (Mg_4.64Fe_0.28Mn_0.014Ti_0.023(Si_1.01O₄)₂F_1.16(OH)_0.84; Friedrich et al. in Am Mineral 86:981–989, 2001). The full mean square displacement matrix Σ of the O–H pair was determined from the temperature dependence of the anisotropic displacement parameters, enabling a proper correction of the O–H bond for thermal vibration without assumptions about the correlation of O and H movements. The results show that the perpendicular O–H motions in chondrodite are intermediate between the riding and the independent motion models. The corrected O–H bond lengths do not change with temperature whereas the corrected H···F distances show an increase of ~0.02 Å with temperature, as do the Mg–O distances. This result shows that spectroscopic observations on the strength of the covalent O–H bond cannot be interpreted unambiguously in terms of a corresponding behaviour of the associated H···O/F hydrogen bond.  相似文献   

关于地震波散射波场属性的基本研究     

QIN Xue-fei HAN Li-guo SHAN Gang-yi College of GeoExploration Science  Technology  Jilin University  Changchun  China 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2006,(Z2)

当地震波传播过程中遇到异常体时往往会在间断点处产生绕射现象,这是识别断层及其他构造的一个重要因素。然而,在实际情况下,绝大多数异常体尤其是金属矿藏,由于其形态并不是规则的,且尺度较小,从而无法产生很好的绕射波,取而代之的却是大量富含介质不规则信息的散射现象.近年来,特别是在金属矿地震勘探中,很多人错误地将散射理解为绕射。通过对一个特殊模型的正演模拟,系统地说明二者之间的差别以及散射波场的一些基本特征。  相似文献   

Landslides at Qingjiang River in the Downstream Area of Shuibuya Dam Site, China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kallen  D  项伟  Ehret  D  Rohn  J 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2006,17(2):158-162

INTRODUCTIONLandslides annually cause a great amount of cas-ualties withinthe Chinese population and great lossesin the Chinese economy . The number of casualtiesreached 232 killed and 2 missing people in 2003 and283 killed and 69 missing people in 2004 . The eco-nomic losses amount to a total of 730 billion US $in2003 and 475 billion US $in 2004 (Zanetti ,2005 ,2004) .The DAAD (German Academic Exchange Serv-ice) is financing a project to investigate landslides .The project is a coo…  相似文献   

Metamorphism of mineral matter in coal from the Bukit Asam deposit, south Sumatra, Indonesia   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  

Rita Susilawati  Colin R. Ward   《International Journal of Coal Geology》2006,68(3-4):171-195

The coal of the Miocene Bukit Asam deposit in south Sumatra is mostly sub-bituminous in rank, consistent with regional trends due to burial processes. However, effects associated with Plio–Pleistocene igneous intrusions have produced coal with vitrinite reflectance up to at least 4.17% (anthracite) in different parts of the deposit. The un-metamorphosed to slightly metamorphosed coals, with Rv_max values of 0.45–0.65%, contain a mineral assemblage made up almost entirely of well-ordered kaolinite and quartz. The more strongly heat-affected coals, with Rv_max values of more than 1.0%, are dominated by irregularly and regularly interstratified illite/smectite, poorly crystallized kaolinite and paragonite (Na mica), with chlorite in some of the anthracite materials. Kaolinite is abundant in the partings of the lower-rank coals, but is absent from the partings in the higher-rank areas, even at similar horizons in the same coal seam. Regularly interstratified illite/smectite, which is totally absent from the partings in the lower-rank coals, dominates the mineralogy in the partings associated with the higher-rank coal beds. A number of reactions involving the alteration of silicate minerals appear to have occurred in both the coal and the associated non-coal lithologies during the thermal metamorphism generated by the intrusions. The most prominent involve the disappearance of kaolinite, the appearance of irregularly interstratified illite/smectite, and the formation of regular I/S, paragonite and chlorite. Although regular I/S is identified in all of the non-coal partings associated with the higher-rank coals, illite/smectite with an ordered structure is only recognised in the coal samples collected from near the bases of the seams. The I/S in the coal samples adjacent to the floor of the highest rank seam also appears to have a greater proportion of illitic components. The availability of sodium and other non-mineral inorganic elements in the original coal to interact with the kaolinite, under different thermal and geochemical conditions, appears to be the significant factor in the formation of these new minerals, and distinguishes the mineralogical changes at Bukit Asam from those developed more generally with rank increases due to burial, and from the effects of intrusions into coals that were already at higher rank levels.  相似文献   

Reduction roasting of limonite ores: effect of dehydroxylation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

F. O'Connor  W.H. Cheung  M. Valix   《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):88-99

The effect of pre-calcination in the reducibility of tropical limonite ore, obtained from New Caledonia, was investigated in this study. A series of reduction tests were carried out with pre-calcined and raw limonite ores. The extent of metallisation was determined from nickel and iron which dissolved in ammoniacal solution. Mineralogical transformations that occurred during reduction were analysed using thermal gravimetric, differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) and in situ high temperature synchrotron based X-ray diffraction. Bulk mineral analysis of the raw ore was also obtained using neutron diffraction. This study suggests that there is benefit in the pre-calcination of limonite ores. Pre-calcination of the ores which opens the main gangue mineral structure, goethite, allows a rapid interaction between the reductant gases and the nickel species during reduction. The greater nickel metallisation achieved in reduction of pre-calcined ores resulted in higher dissolved nickel whilst reduced raw limonite showed poorer nickel recovery. Reduction of metal minerals was also accompanied by diffusion of nickel into the reduced iron matrix that resulted in the formation of ferro-nickel alloy (Ni₃Fe). The formation of this solid solution was monitored by in situ synchrotron based X-ray diffraction and was also reflected by the lower nickel leachability in ammoniacal solution. It was found that incorporation of nickel into the reduced iron oxide resulting from pre-calcination is significantly less in comparison to the diffusion occurring in reduced raw or uncalcined limonite ores. This effect is prevalent in prolonged reduction periods (greater than 20 min), at higher temperatures (>500 °C) and highly reducing conditions (H₂/CO₂=1:1). This study showed that optimal nickel recovery can be achieved by controlling the incorporation of nickel into the reduced iron structure by pre-calcination of the limonite ore.  相似文献   

地球内部物质物性的原位高温高压研究:大体积压机与同步辐射源的结合   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

王雁宾 《地学前缘》2006,13(2):1-36

大体积压机(large-volume press,简称为LVP)与金刚石对顶砧(diamond-anvil cell,简称为DAC)是两种相辅相成的、在高压研究中不可或缺的重要技术。大体积压机在温压范围上较金刚石对顶砧小,但它具有更加均匀的温压环境以及高于金刚石对顶砧几千以至百万倍的试样体积。这些特色使大体积压机成为精确测量试样整体物性和系统研究复杂材料系列的理想工具。在过去的20年里,高压和同步辐射技术方面的进展使大体积高压研究取得了革命性的突破。文中选择近期地学界的一些重要科研成果和技术突破作为例子,力图对同步辐射和大体积高压技术在高温高压研究中的近期进展作综合评述,最后简略讨论了LVP的发展前景。  相似文献   

Crystallographic–magnetic correlations in single-crystal haemo-ilmenite: new evidence for lamellar magnetism     

P. Robinson  F. Heidelbach  A. M. Hirt  S. A. McEnroe  L. L. Brown 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,165(1):17-31

  相似文献   

Merging energy‐based design criteria and reliability‐based methods: exploring a new concept     

Siddhartha Ghosh  Kevin R. Collins 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(13):1677-1698

This paper examines the potential development of a probabilistic design methodology, considering hysteretic energy demand, within the framework of performance‐based seismic design of buildings. This article does not propose specific energy‐based criteria for design guidelines, but explores how such criteria can be treated from a probabilistic design perspective. Uniform hazard spectra for normalized hysteretic energy are constructed to characterize seismic demand at a specific site. These spectra, in combination with an equivalent systems methodology, are used to estimate hysteretic energy demand on real building structures. A design checking equation for a (hypothetical) probabilistic energy‐based performance criterion is developed by accounting for the randomness of the earthquake phenomenon, the uncertainties associated with the equivalent system analysis technique, and with the site soil factor. The developed design checking equation itself is deterministic, and requires no probabilistic analysis for use. The application of the proposed equation is demonstrated by applying it to a trial design of a three‐storey steel moment frame. The design checking equation represents a first step toward the development of a performance‐based seismic design procedure based on energy criterion, and additional works needed to fully implement this are discussed in brief at the end of the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献