Post‐deposition diffusion of 137Cs in lake sediment: Implications for radiocaesium dating     

J. KLAMINDER  P. APPLEBY  P. CROOK  I. RENBERG 《Sedimentology》2012,59(7):2259-2267

Peak activities of radiocaesium (¹³⁷Cs) in lake sediments have frequently been used to infer the ages of sediments deposited in the 1960s (¹³⁷Cs derived from nuclear bomb testing) or in 1986 (Chernobyl derived ¹³⁷Cs). Records of the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in sediments can thus be used to provide accurate dates for a critical period in which palaeoecological reconstructions often overlap contemporary monitoring data. However, knowledge regarding how the distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in sediments is affected by post‐depositional processes is limited to interpretations based on the ¹³⁷Cs distribution in sediments sampled at a single given date. This study assesses the extent to which the ¹³⁷Cs record in annually laminated (varved) lake sediments is affected by post‐depositional diffusion, using 11 archived sediment cores sampled between 1986 and 2007. The sediment record reveals how Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs incorporated into the 1986 varve diffused downwards in the core at a decreasing rate over time, whereas the surface sediments continued to receive inputs of ¹³⁷Cs mobilized from the catchment soils or lake margin. In spite of these processes, all cores post‐dating the Chernobyl accident had a clear and well‐resolved peak in the 1986 varve, justifying the use of this feature as a fixed chronostratigraphic feature. Because of the very high levels of Chernobyl fallout at this site, downwards migration of Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs has, however, completely masked the nuclear weapons ¹³⁷Cs fallout peak that had been clearly preserved in the 1964 varve of a pre‐Chernobyl core sampled just three weeks before the Chernobyl accident. In consequence, the weapons fallout marker is likely to be of little use for determining ¹³⁷Cs dates in areas strongly affected by high levels of Chernobyl fallout.  相似文献   

137Cs and 210Pbex as soil erosion tracers in the hilly Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China     

Zhonglin Shi  Anbang Wen  Xinbao Zhang  Xiubin He  Hao Li  Dongchun Yan 《山地科学学报》2012,9(1):27-33

Accelerated soil erosion and land degradation represent major environmental problems for agricultural lands.Reliable information on the rates of soil loss is urgently needed.The traditional techniques for documenting rates of soil loss may meet this need,but face many limitations.The fallout radionuclides,especially 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex,are increasingly used as effective tracers to quantify soil erosion rates,and they represent a valuable complement to the existing classical methods.This paper aims to introduce the basis for assessing soil erosion rates on cultivated and uncultivated slopes by using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex measurements,to compare the 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex reference inventories,and to report several case studies undertaken in the hilly area of Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China.  相似文献   

借助137Cs估算滇池沉积量   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张燕  高翔  钟振宇  陈捷  彭补拙 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(2)

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by 137Cs dating. However, 137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special character-istics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a 137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of 137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Di-anchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hy-drological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm2 a in 1963-2003, respectively. The gross sediment accu-mulation of the lake is 26.18×104 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×104 t/a in recent 50 years.  相似文献   

Using remote-sensing technologies in combination with Cesium-137 measurements to estimate soil-erosion quantity in semi-arid steppe areas     

ZhanJiang Sh  HaiZhou M  LingQin Li  Jinzhou Du  FeiQuan Wu  QiShun Fan 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(5):0467-0474

Soil erosion by wind is one of the most important processes in the changing the earth’s surface in semi-arid areas,Thus it is of great importance to study soil-erosion action.Using integrated technologies of remote sensing and geochemistry radioactivity iso-tope to extract regional soil-erosion information and to calculate quantity of soil erosion is accomplished successfully in this paper by means of beneficial experiments in the Talatan region of the Gonghe Basin,which is located in northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Pla-teau in China.The results show that the soil erosion by wind is not intensive in this region;the erosion types belong to the classes of very-soft erosion and soft-erosion type,which account for 47.12 percent and 35.58 percent,respectively,of the total study area.In total,two kinds of soil erosion account for 82.70 percent of the study area;only a small area belongs to the classes of severe erosion and very-severe erosion;this area is about 22.14 km2.Severe deposition activity has taken place in this region,and has appeared in a large area(322.67 km2),which accounts for 11.78 percent of the total study area.The results of this study show that soil erosion and deposition inventories are 870,000-1,150,000 tons and 550,000-780,000 tons,respectively,per year.The soil in-ventory shows about 320,000-370,000 tons from Talatan to Longyangxia reservoir per year.Using remote-sensing technology and 137Cs techniques is a valid means to analyze and to evaluate the quantity of soil erosion by wind in semi-arid environments.  相似文献   

新疆137Cs定年时标解析     

兰波  李佳秀  张东良  杨运鹏 《干旱区地理》2017,40(3):504-511

¹³⁷Cs在年代测定和土壤流失等领域得到了广泛的应用。在认定¹³⁷Cs时标前,需要消除粘土和有机质（TOC）对¹³⁷Cs 的富集作用。通过对比新疆多个湖芯钻孔¹³⁷Cs 序列,发现它们异于北半球¹³⁷Cs 沉降模式,即出现了1954、1963、1975 和1986 这四种时标且1986 年的¹³⁷Cs 比活度可能异常的高。通过分析艾里克湖钻孔的¹³⁷Cs序列,并结合新疆其他地区多个钻孔的¹³⁷Cs序列,与北半球¹³⁷Cs沉降特征以及靠近北疆的Belukha冰芯²⁴⁰Pu²³⁹Pu沉降记录进行对比,分析了新疆¹³⁷Cs时标的可靠性以及1986年¹³⁷Cs比活度异常高的原因。在新疆¹³⁷Cs多个时标中,仅1963年的时标是高信度的（即北半球¹³⁷Cs最大沉积年）。1954年¹³⁷Cs蓄积峰代表其全球初始显著沉降,距今已有2个¹³⁷Cs半衰期,当年沉积通量低且可能发生¹³⁷Cs垂直迁移,仅能作为次要时标。1975年的时标反映了1960s- 1970s的中国核试验,但距离罗布泊～300 km的博斯腾湖对中国核试验有截然相反的记录,表明中国核试验不是稳定信号,其核沉降范围以及对湖芯的影响作用还需进一步评估,不能作为可信的时标。1986年蓄积峰对应切尔诺贝利核事故,因核尘埃未大量进入平流层且距离新疆较远（～4 000 km）,但同时考虑到新疆位于核事故的西风环流下风区,所以该事故对新疆有影响但影响不大。1986年的¹³⁷Cs时标可作为次要时标。新疆湖芯1986年的异常高蓄积峰可能是由新疆最近几十年的人类活动（如过牧、耕种等）加上1987/1988年的高降水导致的地表侵蚀增强引起的。增强的地表侵蚀导致含有高¹³⁷Cs含量的表层土壤颗粒被冲刷进入湖泊,叠加在切尔诺贝利核事故¹³⁷Cs沉降之上,进而导致了湖芯沉积物记录到显著的1986年¹³⁷Cs蓄积峰。  相似文献   

Sedimentation and chronology of heavy metal pollution in Oslo harbor, Norway   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Aivo Lepland  Thorbjørn J. Andersen  Hans Peter H. Arp  Gijs D. Breedveld  Anders Rindby 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(9):1512-1522

Stratigraphic profiles of Cu, Cd and Hg in ten sediment cores from the Oslo harbor, Norway, combined with results of radiometric dating demonstrate that pollution by these metals peaked between 1940 and 1970. Dating results indicate that Hg discharges peaked between 1940 and 1950, Cd reached maximum ca. 1955-1960, and Cu has the highest concentration in sediment interval corresponding to ca. 1970. Geochemical profiles and maxima of Cu, Cd and Hg concentrations can be used as chronostratigraphic markers for sediment cores from the Oslo harbor. Acoustic backscatter and sediment core data indicate that propeller wash affects the seabed in the Oslo harbor. The propeller-induced turbulence causes erosion, and in places exposes and remobilizes contaminated sediments that accumulated in the harbor during previous decades. Such re-exposure of contaminated sediments could be detrimental to local ecosystems and offset remediation efforts, warranting further impact studies and potential mitigation strategies to prevent redistribution.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution and content of soil organic matter in an agricultural field in eastern Canada,as estimated from geostatistical tools     

Lionel Mabit  Claude Bernard 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(3):278-283

Soil erosion induces soil redistribution within the landscape and thus contributes to the spatial variability of soil quality. This study complements a previous experimentation initiated by the authors focusing on soil redistribution as a result of soil erosion, as indicated by caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs) measurements, in a small agricultural field in Canada. The spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) was characterized using geostatistics, which consider the randomized and structured nature of spatial variables and the spatial distribution of the samples. The spatial correlation of SOM (in percentages) patterns in the topsoil was established taking into account the spatial structure present in the data. A significant autocorrelation and reliable variograms were found with a R² ≥ 0·9, thus demonstrating a strong spatial dependence. Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation provided the best cross validation (r² = 0·35). OK and inverse distance weighting power two (IDW2) interpolation approaches produced similar estimates of the total SOM content of the topsoil (0–20 cm) of the experimental field, i.e. 211 and 213 tonnes, respectively. However, the two approaches produced differences in the spatial distribution patterns and the relative magnitude of some SOM content classes. The spatialization of SOM and soil redistribution variability – as evidenced by ¹³⁷Cs measurements – is a first step towards the assessment of the impact of soil erosion on SOM losses to recommend conservation measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

利用~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王小雷  杨浩  赵其国  魏荣菲 《湖泊科学》2010,22(1)

通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年~(137)Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用~(137)Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm~2·a)、0.052g/(cm~2·a)和0.039g/(cm~2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于~(241)Am的1963年蓄积峰可以提高~(137)Cs计年的准确性。根据~(210)Pb CRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与~(137)Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。  相似文献   

Reconstruction of floodplain sedimentation rates: a combination of methods to optimize estimates     

Noortje Hobo  Bart Makaske  Hans Middelkoop  Jakob Wallinga 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(13):1499-1515

Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades gives insight into floodplain dynamics, and thereby provides a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods – optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs) dating, heavy metal analysis, and flood bed interpretation – applied at three embanked floodplain sites along lower Rhine River distributaries in the Netherlands. All methods indicate significant sedimentation rates on the floodplains, varying between 2–7 mm/a in the distal zones and 3–9 mm/a in the proximal zones. On a rapidly developing sand bar along a natural levee sedimentation rates of 9 to 25 mm/a were found. Except for some minor inconsistencies in ¹³⁷Cs dating results, all methods show decreasing sedimentation rates with increasing distance from the river channel. Intercomparison of the results of the different dating methods revealed the potential errors associated with each method, particularly where disagreement among the results were found. Uncertainties may arise due to (1) grain‐size dependent downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs, (2) smoothing of the vertical heavy metal and ¹³⁷Cs profiles, (3) delayed sediment‐associated input of ¹³⁷Cs in addition to direct atmospheric fall‐out, (4) overestimation of the burial age in OSL dating due to incomplete resetting of the OSL signal, or (5) non‐linear relationships between sediment deposition and flood magnitude in the count‐from‐the‐top correlation between sediment lamination and past observed flood records. Still, taking the uncertainties associated with each method into account, the results are generally in good agreement. Using the results we indicate the optimal spatial range of application of each method, depending on sediment texture and sedimentation rate. The optimal spatial and temporal ranges differ for each method, but show significant overlap. A combination of the methods will thus provide maximum information for accurate estimation of sedimentation rates on a decadal time scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

川中丘陵区和三峡地区小流域侵蚀产沙的塘库沉积¹³⁷Cs断代   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

齐永青  张信宝  贺秀斌  文安邦  伏介雄 《地理研究》2006,25(4):641-648

选择川中丘陵区和三峡地区四川盐亭、南充和重庆开县的4个小流域,采集塘库沉积泥沙137Cs样品,确定了1963年以来塘库淤沙量,并据此分析了流域输沙模数和侵蚀模数。研究表明,开县春秋沟的淤沙模数最高,为1869t.km-2.a-1;盐亭武家沟和集流沟分别为701t.km-2.a-1和710 t.km-2.a-1;南充天马湾沟为566 t.km-2.a-1。对小流域地貌特征的分析和谷地水田取样结果表明,除塘库淤积区外,各小流域谷地内基本无泥沙淤积。因此,除南充天马湾沟按现有水面面积作为淤积面积求算的淤沙模数明显偏小外,其他小流域的塘库淤沙模数基本可以表征各研究小流域的侵蚀模数。对研究小流域侵蚀产沙影响因素的分析表明,除降雨和土地利用状况外,地形起伏、土壤抗蚀性及岩层产状也是三地侵蚀程度差异的重要原因。  相似文献