A combined study of radar facies,lithofacies and three‐dimensional architecture of an alpine alluvial fan (Illgraben fan,Switzerland)          下载免费PDF全文

Daniel Franke  Jens Hornung  Matthias Hinderer 《Sedimentology》2015,62(1):57-86

Alluvial fans serve as useful archives that record the history of depositional and erosional processes in mountainous regions and thus can reveal the environmental controls that influenced their development. Economically, they play an important role as groundwater reservoirs as well as host rocks for hydrocarbons in deeply buried systems. The interpretation of these archives and the evaluation of their reservoir architecture, however, are problematic because marked heterogeneity in the distribution of sedimentary facies makes correlation difficult. This problem is compounded because the accumulated sedimentary deposits of modern unconsolidated fan systems tend to be poorly exposed and few such systems have been the focus of investigation using high‐resolution subsurface analytical techniques. To overcome this limitation of standard outcrop–analogue studies, a geophysical survey of an alpine alluvial fan was performed using ground‐penetrating radar to devise a scaled three‐dimensional subsurface model. Radar facies were classified and calibrated to lithofacies within a fan system that provided outcropping walls and these were used to derive a three‐dimensional model of the sedimentary architecture and identify evolutionary fan stages. The Illgraben fan in the Swiss Alps was selected as a case study and a network of ca 60 km sections of ground‐penetrating radar was surveyed. Seven radar facies types could be distinguished, which were grouped into debris‐flow deposits and stream‐flow deposits. Assemblages of these radar facies types show three depositional units, which are separated by continuous, fan‐wide reflectors; they were interpreted as palaeo‐surfaces corresponding to episodes of sediment starvation that affected the entire fan. An overall upward decline in the proportion of debris‐flow deposits from ca 50% to 15% and a corresponding increase in stream‐flow deposits were identified. The uppermost depositional unit is bounded at its base by a significant incision surface up to 700 m wide, which was subsequently filled up mostly by stream‐flow deposits. The pronounced palaeo‐surfaces and depositional trends suggest that allocyclic controls governed the evolution of the Illgraben fan, making this fan a valuable archive from which to reconstruct past sediment fluxes and environmental change in the Alps. The results of the integrated outcrop–geophysical approach encourage similar future studies on fans to retrieve their depositional history as well as their potential reservoir properties.  相似文献   

Climatic and tectonic controls on carbonate deposition in syn‐rift siliciclastic fluvial systems: A case of microbialites and associated facies in the Late Jurassic          下载免费PDF全文

Concha Arenas  Laura Piñuela  José Carlos García‐Ramos 《Sedimentology》2015,62(4):1149-1183

This work provides new insights to assess the factors controlling carbonate deposition in the siliciclastic fluvial systems of rift basins. Sedimentological and stable‐isotope data of microbialites and associated carbonate facies, along with regional geological information, are shown to reveal the influence of climate and tectonics on the occurrence and attributes of carbonate deposits in these settings. The Vega Formation – a 150 m thick Lower Kimmeridgian siliciclastic fluvial sequence in Asturias Province (northern Spain) – constitutes a candidate for this approach. This unit includes varied facies (stromatolites; rudstones, packstones and wackestones containing oncoids, intraclasts, charophytes and shell bioclasts; marlstones and polygenic calcareous conglomerates) that formed in a low‐gradient fluvial–lacustrine system consisting of shallow, low‐sinuosity oncoid‐bearing channels and pools within marshy areas, with sporadic coarse alluvial deposition. The sedimentological attributes indicate common erosion by channel overflow and rapid lateral changes of subenvironments caused by water‐discharge variations. The carbonate fluvial–lacustrine system developed near uplifted marine Jurassic rocks. The occurrence of the system was conditioned by normal faults (active during the deposition of the unit) that favoured: (i) springs of HCO₃–Ca‐rich water from a Rhaetian–Sinemurian carbonate rock aquifer; and (ii) carbonate deposition in areas partially isolated from the adjacent siliciclastic fluvial system. The microbialite δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values support deposition in a hydrologically open system, fed by ambient‐temperature meteoric water, with riparian vegetation. Three types of lamination in the stromatolites and oncoids reflect distinct morphological types of cyanobacterial communities. The textural pattern of lamination parallels δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O changes, suggesting short‐term cycles of precipitation and temperature. A moderately to strongly contrasted seasonal and/or pluriannual precipitation regime is inferred from the cyclic δ¹³C pattern of the lamination and from the discontinuous and asymmetrical growth of oncoids. Thus, the isotopic and sedimentological attributes of the carbonate deposits were linked to short‐term climate changes associated with semi‐arid conditions, consistent with the studied climatic zone.  相似文献   

Quartzite development in early Palaeozoic nearshore marine environments     

David J. Went 《Sedimentology》2013,60(4):1036-1058

Quartzites are especially characteristic of Proterozoic and Cambro‐Ordovician shallow marine strata, whereas equivalent age fluvial deposits are commonly arkosic. The absence of land vegetation in the pre‐Silurian influenced weathering processes and styles of fluvial deposition. It may also have had an impact on shallow marine sedimentation. Two field studies from the English Channel region are presented to investigate the processes leading to quartzite formation. On Alderney, nearshore marine and fluvial facies occur interbedded on a metre scale and are interpreted to represent deposition on the lower reaches of an alluvial plain, and in beach and upper shoreface environments. The marine and fluvial sandstones display marked differences in textural and mineralogical maturity, pointing to a process of sediment maturation by the destruction of feldspar and labile grains at the shoreline. At Erquy, fully mature, marine quartzites occur bounded above and below by alluvial deposits via sharp or erosional surfaces, and are interpreted to represent high energy, storm and tidally influenced lower shoreface and inner shelf deposits. A model for quartzite development is proposed where, under a cool climate, frequent storms in un‐vegetated, tectonically rejuvenated uplands provided an abundance of arkosic sand to fluvial basins and clastic shorelines. The model proposes that the marine basins were subject to high wave energies, frequent storm events and tidal currents. These were conditions conducive to transforming arkosic sand to quartz‐rich sand by the attrition of feldspar at the shoreline and in the shallow marine environment. On sediment burial, further feldspar destruction occurred during diagenesis. The proposed model highlights the potential for a step change in sediment maturity to occur at the shoreline in early Palaeozoic depositional systems tracts.  相似文献   

A quantitative approach to fluvial facies models: Methods and example results     

Luca Colombera  Nigel P. Mountney  William D. McCaffrey 《Sedimentology》2013,60(6):1526-1558

Traditional facies models lack quantitative information concerning sedimentological features: this significantly limits their value as references for comparison and guides to interpretation and subsurface prediction. This paper aims to demonstrate how a database methodology can be used to generate quantitative facies models for fluvial depositional systems. This approach is employed to generate a range of models, comprising sets of quantitative information on proportions, geometries, spatial relations and grain sizes of genetic units belonging to three different scales of observation (depositional elements, architectural elements and facies units). The method involves a sequential application of filters to the knowledge base that allows only database case studies that developed under appropriate boundary conditions to contribute to any particular model. Specific example facies models are presented for fluvial environmental types categorized on channel pattern, basin climatic regime and water‐discharge regime; the common adoption of these environmental types allows a straightforward comparison with existing qualitative models. The models presented here relate to: (i) the large‐scale architecture of single‐thread and braided river systems; (ii) meandering sub‐humid perennial systems; (iii) the intermediate‐scale and small‐scale architecture of dryland, braided ephemeral systems; (iv) the small‐scale architecture of sandy meandering systems; and (v) individual architectural features of a specific sedimentary environment (a terminal fluvial system) and its sub‐environments (architectural elements). Although the quantification of architectural properties represents the main advantage over qualitative facies models, other improvements include the capacity: (i) to model on different scales of interest; (ii) to categorize the model on a variety of environmental classes; (iii) to perform an objective synthesis of many real‐world case studies; (iv) to include variability‐related and knowledge‐related uncertainty in the model; and (v) to assess the role of preservation potential by comparing ancient‐system and modern‐system data input to the model.  相似文献   

页岩气地震勘探中页岩各向异性的地震模拟研究          下载免费PDF全文

孙伟家  符力耘  管西竹  魏伟 《地球物理学报》2013,56(3):961-970

页岩的强各向异性特征挑战地震波传播数值模拟方法的精度极限, 特别是易引起频散的高频波(>100 Hz)传播的数值模拟.鉴于目前我国页岩气地震勘探主要以常规地震声波资料为主,本文首先介绍了一种VTI介质声波方程的任意偶数阶有限差分数值模拟方法,并讨论其稳定性条件和吸收边界条件.任意偶数阶的差分解可有效提高计算精度,压制数值频散噪声.针对页岩较强的各向异性特征,本文比较了不同模型的声波方程和VTI介质声波方程计算得到的地震响应.数值结果表明,各向异性对地震波的运动学(相位)和动力学(振幅)特性影响作用明显.因此,在页岩气地震勘探资料处理的各个环节必须充分考虑各向异性的影响,采取有别于常规油气勘探的处理流程和技术.  相似文献   

求解声波方程的辛RKN格式   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘少林  李小凡  刘有山  陈世仲 《地球物理学报》2013,56(12):4197-4205

将声波方程变换至Hamiltion体系,构造了适用于高效声波模拟的二阶显式辛Runge-Kutta-Nyström（RKN）格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组. 针对两个自由度的辛条件方程组,根据三次项截断误差最小原理得到一种误差最小辛格式;通过分析声波的时间演进方程的稳定性,选择不同的辛系数使演进方程更稳定,并得到了另一种更为稳定辛格式;在频散关系分析中,选择使数值频散最小的辛系数,得到第三种最小频散辛格式. 在理论分析中,这组辛RKN格式相比常见格式在精度控制、数值频散压制以及稳定性提升等方面均具有明显优势;在数值实验中,通过具体算例验证了理论分析的正确性.  相似文献   

青海沱沱河地区晚三叠世苟鲁山克措组沉积相及物源分析     

王建新  ;康孔跃  ;侯明才 《西北地质》2014,(4):123-130

通过野外实测地层剖面、沉积相标志识别、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等手段,研究了沱沱河地区三叠纪苟鲁山克措组的沉积相类型和沉积特征。结果表明苟鲁山克措组为一套三角洲浅海陆棚体系。物源分析采用碎屑岩类法,研究表明工作区三叠纪砂岩多为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低,显示了沉积物快速堆积,近物源的特征。通过对碎屑矿物的成分分析,揭示其物源源于再旋回造山带。  相似文献   

Discovery of an outcropping Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) in the Palaeogene subalpine synclines of southeastern France: Implications on flexural sub-basin deformation     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(1-2):37-44

We document the sedimentary facies of a large Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) within the sand-rich sediment gravity flow-dominated deposits of the Eocene–Oligocene south-western Alpine forelands (Annot Sandstone system). The MTD with an approximated volume of several hundreds of cubic kilometres fills a sub-basin located in the Mont-Tournairet confined sub-basin. Autochthonous facies are very typical sediment gravity-flow deposits (thin-bedded classical turbidites and thick-bedded hyperconcentrated to concentrated flow deposits) that stratigraphically belong to the Annot Sandstone infill. Slumps and internal metre-large fold axes of the deformed stratigraphic intervals indicate a main transport direction towards the northwest. The seafloor instability that led to the mass-flow events within the Mont-Tournairet sub-basin could have been favoured by high sedimentation rates in a small, confined and tectonically active sub-basin, possibly enhanced by local structural deformation associated with the Triassic evaporites on the eastern side of the Mont-Tournairet confined basin. The presence of the MTD suggests that a period of increased flexural subsidence rate and basin deformation occurred in this portion of the subalpine foreland basin. Therefore, the MTD forms a stratigraphic marker of a period of tectonic activity.  相似文献   

澳大利亚北卡那封盆地中上三叠统Mungaroo三角洲陆源有机质分布特征          下载免费PDF全文

李丹  杨香华  常吟善  刘浩冉  许晓明  朱光辉 《古地理学报》2014,16(2):193-204

北卡那封盆地中上三叠统Mungaroo组发育巨型浅水辫状河三角洲——Mungaroo三角洲。利用钻井、岩心资料,并结合区域地质背景,将Mungaroo三角洲划分为近端三角洲平原、远端三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、前三角洲4个沉积亚相,其中近端三角洲平原与远端三角洲平原亚相分布广泛,三角洲前缘与前三角洲亚相欠发育。陆源有机质分析表明:(1)研究区目的层段沉积时期,在环特提斯洋巨型季风洪水的影响下,泥炭沼泽普遍遭受冲刷改造,有机质类型主要为分散有机质,仅远端三角洲平原发育薄煤层;(2)不同相带受季风洪水的影响差异较大,近端三角洲平原受洪水改造强烈,砂砾岩发育,夹薄层泥岩,泥岩中有机质显微组分主要为惰质组,镜质组大部分遭受氧化;(3)远端三角洲平原的沼泽沉积尽管受到洪水频繁冲刷,但仍发育多套薄煤层,泥岩中陆源有机质最为丰富,显微组分以镜质组为主;(4)三角洲前缘和前三角洲相带窄,沉积物中陆源有机质含量较低。远端三角洲平原烃源岩有机质生烃潜力最大,除发育广泛的薄煤层外,暗色泥岩中平均TOC含量可达4.11％。上述沉积相带与陆源有机质分布规律体现了强季风洪水影响下大型辫状河三角洲的沉积特点。  相似文献   

福建九龙江河口第四纪沉积物特征及沉积环境演变          下载免费PDF全文

陈慧娴  骆美美  王建华  苏志华  金刚雄  瓦西拉里  杨小强  曹玲珑 《古地理学报》2014,16(2):263-273

根据福建九龙江河口ZK1孔及ZK7孔沉积物AMS(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry,加速器质谱测年技术) ¹⁴C测年、古地磁和剖面特征分析,进行该地区的第四纪地层划分,依据粒度特征,结合磁化率、微体古生物和Sr/Ba等环境代用指标进行沉积相分析,重建了该区晚第四纪的古环境演变历史。结果表明:(1)九龙江河口第四纪沉积时代为晚更新世中期至全新世晚期。(2)上更新统沉积可划分为下部龙海组洪冲积相和上部东山组河漫滩相沉积,中间有10 ka的沉积间断,末次冰期又再遭受风化剥蚀作用,推测有5～6 ka的风化剥蚀期。(3)全新统最早沉积年代约为14 ka BP,依次出现河口湾相、河口砂坝—分汊河道相、潮滩相沉积。(4)根据年代学数据和沉积相变化,重塑了该区晚第四纪沉积环境变化过程,为该区的第四纪研究和工程地质工作提供了参考依据。  相似文献