PM10 and Pb evolution in an industrial area of the Mediterranean basin     

A.?B.?Vicente  M.?M.?JordánEmail author  S.?Pallarés  T.?Sanfeliu 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(8):1413-1424

The study area is highly industrialized, with businesses involved in the non-metal mineral products sector and ceramic industries (colors, frits and enamel manufacturing) standing out. Air quality evaluation was performed regarding atmospheric particles (PM10 fraction) and Pb in a Spanish coastal area during 2001 and 2002 in order to compare these values with other areas in the Mediterranean basin. Once the samples were collected, their PM10 fraction concentration levels were determined gravimetrically. A Pb analysis in air pollution filters was carried out by ICP-MS. The seasonal and weekly variabilities of these contaminants were also studied, with the objective of being able to explain their origin and thus minimize their possible damaging effects. A similar evolution of PM10 and Pb was observed in both years of the study. Higher PM10 concentrations have been detected during the months of June and July, lower values between March–May, August and October–December, and intermediate values in January and February. A similar tendency has been observed by other authors in European industrialized cities. Regarding Pb, the monthly mean remains constant during the entire year. In the study area, Pb represents 0.6% as a mean of the total PM10 mass, with a variation range between 0.1 and 5.1%. The major crystalline phases in PM10 were quartz, calcite, dolomite, illite, kaolinite and feldspars.  相似文献   

探测环境对北京气象站气温观测值的影响分析     

李林  孙赫敏  乔晓燕  范雪波  孙雪琪  杜传耀  于丽萍 《气象与环境学报》2019,35(4):120-126

为深入了解气象探测环境对气温观测数据的影响,利用2017年北京市观象台（54511）与南海子站（A1274）逐小时地面气象要素数据,分析两站气温差异以及因站点探测环境导致的日照、风速和降水对两站气温差异的影响。结果表明：2017年两站气温差异较明显,年平均气温54511站比A1274站高0.75℃;两站逐月平均气温54511站全年高于A1274站,两站差值7月最低为0.60℃,9月最高为1.09℃;两站平均日最高气温较接近,平均日最低气温差异较大,54511站较A1274站高1.24℃;两站气温的日变化特征相似,呈单峰分布,54511站气温日较差低于A1274站。两站小时气温差值随着日照时长和强度的增加而增加,短波辐射效应最强的10-14时和长波辐射效应最强的19-23时两站气温差值与当日白天直接辐射曝辐量的相关系数分别为0.459和0.601;水平风速对两站气温差值的影响较大。水平风速超过5 m·s^-1时,两站气温差小于0.1℃;当水平风速不超过1 m·s^-1时,两站观测气温差值达到1.28℃;降水天气下两站的气温差值小于非降水天气,出现降水时次54511站平均气温仅比A1274站高0.2℃。两站相距4.3 km,气候均一,测站周边2 km范围内建设用地占比54511站比A1274站高约30%,植被占比低28%,水体占比相差不大。另外,54511站附近的五环路具有低反射率和高热容的特征,白天能够吸收太阳辐射储存较多的热量,这些热量在夜间释放,可能是两站探测环境对太阳辐射吸收的差异决定了两站温差受太阳辐射和风速的影响较大,而受降水影响较小。  相似文献   

IPCC AR6报告解读：短寿命气候强迫因子的气候及环境效应     

廖宏  谢佩芙 《气候变化研究进展》2021,17(6):685-690

影响气候变化的大气成分,依据其在大气中存留的时间,分为长寿命的温室气体和短寿命的气候强迫因子（SLCFs)。考虑到SLCFs在气候变化和大气环境中的重要作用,IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）首次有了专门针对SLCFs的章节（第六章)。本文解读IPCC报告关于SLCFs的主要结论,特别强调AR5以来的最新结论,包括：SLCFs的定义、SLCFs排放和大气含量的变化特征及其对辐射强迫和全球气候的影响、不同共享社会经济路径（SSP）情景下SLCFs对未来气候变化和空气质量可能的影响,以及COVID-19疫情期间减排对气候变化的影响。文末也讨论了结论的不确定性以及结论对我国的启示。  相似文献   

中国交通部门污染物与温室气体协同控制模拟研究     

冯相昭  赵梦雪  王敏  杜晓林  田春秀  高霁 《气候变化研究进展》2021,17(3):279-288

开展交通领域大气污染物与温室气体协同减排研究对于实现能源、环境和气候变化综合管理具有重要意义。文中以我国交通部门污染物与温室气体协同治理为切入点,开展道路、铁路、水运、航空和管道运输等各子部门未来需求预测,并运用长期能源可替代规划系统模型（LEAP),通过构建基准情景、污染减排情景、绿色低碳情景和强化低碳情景,模拟分析我国交通领域能源需求、污染物及碳排放趋势。结果表明,强化低碳情景下,我国交通部门能源消费将在2037年达峰,CO₂排放将在2035年达峰;绿色低碳情景下,CO₂排放将在2040年达峰;淘汰老旧汽车、“公转铁”“公转水”等政策性措施将有效减少NOx、PM2.5等污染物排放,发展氢燃料、生物航油等技术性措施将进一步减少污染物排放;要实现交通领域绿色低碳发展,需分别对客运、货运交通从节能降碳与协同减排两方面实施相关措施,综合施策是完成能源消费与碳排放达峰目标的重要保证。  相似文献   

Particulate matter trends and quantification of the spring sand-dust contribution in Hohhot,Inner Mongolia,from 2013 to 2017          下载免费PDF全文

Wenkang Gao  Lingyun Zhu  Zhanyun Ma  Qingxian Gao  Xuepu Yu  Sufen Wu  Yu Gu 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(2):81-86

2013年9月国务院颁布了《大气污染防治行动计划》.研究其实施前后呼和浩特市大气污染物浓度变化及及原因;同时,分析了春季沙尘天气对于呼和浩特市大气环境颗粒物浓度的定量影响.结果表明:呼和浩特市大气环境质量持续改善,但大气污染物浓度仍然较高.PM2.5和PM10年均浓度分别超过国家二级标准22.9％和35.7％;2013-2017年春季PM2.5和PM10浓度降幅较大,沙尘天气对呼和浩特市PM2.5,PM10,和TSP浓度的绝对贡献范围分别在0.6-5.2μg m-3,9.0-16.9 μg m-3和 14.7-30.0 μg m-3.  相似文献   

An integrated analysis of air pollution from US coal-fired power plants     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2023,14(2):101498

The United States is one of the world's leaders in electricity production, generating about 4116 billion kWh in 2021, of which coal accounted for 21.8% of the total. This study applies an integrated approach using both terrestrial and satellite data to specifically examine emissions from coal-fired power plants and its spatial extent. The study also highlights the effectiveness of government policies to reduce emissions. It was found that emission of pollutants from the country's energy sector has been steadily declining, with annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) decreasing from the US electric power sector between 1990 and 2020 by 93.4% and 84.8%, respectively, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 37% between 2007 and 2020. Although overall emissions from coal-fired power plants are declining, some individual plants have yet to install environmental equipment to control emissions. According to US government data, major emitters of SO₂, NO_x, and CO₂ in the US are the Martin Lake power plant in East Texas, the Labadie power plant near St. Louis, Missouri, and the James H Miller Jr plant near Birmingham, Alabama. This study also integrates TROPOMI satellite data to detect point emissions from individual power plants. While the highest levels of measured pollutants were over the country's major cities and areas of fossil fuel extraction, TROPOMI could clearly distinguish the pollution caused by power plants in more rural areas. Although the US has made great strides in reducing emissions from coal-fired power plants, these plants still represent a major source of pollution and remain a major concern. Totally eliminating coal as a power source will be difficult with the higher power demands resulting from the transition to electric automobiles.  相似文献   

COVID-19 strict lockdown impact on urban air quality and atmospheric temperature in four megacities of India     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(6):101368

COVID-19 pandemic has forced to lockdown entire India starting from 24th March 2020 to 14th April 2020 (first phase), extended up to 3rd May 2020 (second phase), and further extended up to 17th May 2020 (third phase) with limited relaxation in non-hotspot areas. This strict lockdown has severely curtailed human activity across India. Here, aerosol concentrations of particular matters (PM) i.e., PM₁₀, PM_2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulphur dioxide (SO₂), ammonia (NH₃) and ozone (O₃), and associated temperature fluctuation in four megacities (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai) from different regions of India were investigated. In this pandemic period, air temperature of Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai has decreased about 3 °C, 2.5 °C, 2 °C and 2 °C respectively. Compared to previous years and pre-lockdown period, air pollutants level and aerosol concentration (?41.91%, ?37.13%, ?54.94% and ?46.79% respectively for Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai) in these four megacities has improved drastically during this lockdown period. Emission of PM_2.5 has experienced the highest decrease in these megacities, which directly shows the positive impact of restricted vehicular movement. Restricted emissions produce encouraging results in terms of urban air quality and temperature, which may encourage policymakers to consider it in terms of environmental sustainability.  相似文献   

基于时间序列模型与残差控制图的兰州市空气质量研究     

王莉  赵渊  杨显明  马建民  黄韬  高宏 《高原气象》2015,34(1)

利用2003-2012年兰州市月均空气污染指数API和季节性时间序列模型SARIMA,对数据序列进行拟合并对其变化趋势进行了分析,研究其演变趋势并选取空气质量良好(月平均API150)的月份(2012年6月2013年2月),选用时间序列模型ARIMA(1,1,1)进行拟合,再结合残差控制图,对2013年3月日平均API预测监控。结果表明,SARIM A(0,1,1)×(0,1,1)12模型较好的拟合了近10年兰州市API的变化趋势,兰州市的空气污染大致呈冬、春季污染相对较重,夏、秋季相对较轻,空气质量总体在逐渐好转。适合该地区短时间尺度的时间序列模型是ARIMA(1,1,1),结合残差控制图对2013年3月API进行预测监控,结果显示6,9,10,11,12和13日超出控制限,对6日和9日提出预警。预测结果与实际结果相吻合,证实了将时间序列模型与残差控制图结合预测监控大气污染的有效性。  相似文献   

An extended Heitler–Matthews model for the full hadronic cascade in cosmic air showers     

《Astroparticle Physics》2014

The Heitler–Matthews model for hadronic air showers will be extended to all the generations of electromagnetic subshowers in the hadronic cascade. The analysis is outlined in detail for showers initiated by primary protons. For showers initiated by iron primaries the part of the analysis is given for as far as it differs from the analysis for a primary proton. Predictions for shower sizes and the depth of maximum shower size are compared with results of Monte Carlo simulations. The depth of maximum as it follows from the extrapolation of the Heitler–Matthews model restricted to the first generation of electromagnetic subshowers is too small with respect to Monte Carlo predictions. It is shown that the inclusion of all the generations of electromagnetic subshowers leads to smaller predictions for the depth of maximum and to smaller predictions for the elongation rate. The discrepancy between discrete model predictions and Monte Carlo predictions for the depth of maximum can therefore not be explained from the number of generations that is taken into consideration. An alternative explanation will be proposed.  相似文献   

Parameterization of air temperature in high temporal and spatial resolution from a combination of the SEVIRI and MODIS instruments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Klemen Zak&#x;ek  Marion Schroedter-Homscheidt 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2009,64(4):414-421

Some applications, e.g. from traffic or energy management, require air temperature data in high spatial and temporal resolution at two metres height above the ground (T_2m), sometimes in near-real-time. Thus, a parameterization based on boundary layer physical principles was developed that determines the air temperature from remote sensing data (SEVIRI data aboard the MSG and MODIS data aboard Terra and Aqua satellites). The method consists of two parts. First, a downscaling procedure from the SEVIRI pixel resolution of several kilometres to a one kilometre spatial resolution is performed using a regression analysis between the land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) acquired by the MODIS instrument. Second, the lapse rate between the LST and T_2m is removed using an empirical parameterization that requires albedo, down-welling surface short-wave flux, relief characteristics and NDVI data. The method was successfully tested for Slovenia, the French region Franche-Comté and southern Germany for the period from May to December 2005, indicating that the parameterization is valid for Central Europe. This parameterization results in a root mean square deviation RMSD of 2.0 K during the daytime with a bias of −0.01 K and a correlation coefficient of 0.95. This is promising, especially considering the high temporal (30 min) and spatial resolution (1000 m) of the results.  相似文献