Direct observation of complex Tóthian groundwater flow systems in the laboratory     

Xing Liang  Yu Liu  Menggui Jin  Xingchen Lu  Renquan Zhang 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3568-3573

Based on the theory of gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems, we have developed a complex Flow System Sand‐Box Model (FSM). It enables the visual observations of the development and characteristics and temporal evolution of complex Tóthian flow systems in the laboratory. The configuration of the regional, intermediate and local flow systems can be controlled and observed; hydraulic head, flow direction and travel time can be measured; and the scale and shape of the sub‐flow systems as well as the path lines and flow lines can be observed directly. The experiments demonstrate the Tóthian flow systems in a small basin with multiple sources and sinks. Greater local topographic (water table) undulation will lead to larger local flow systems. Greater regional and less local topographic undulation will enhance the development of intermediate and regional flow systems. In homogeneous media, increasing fluid‐potential differences between source and sink increase the spatial scale of the generated flow systems. The FSM is a useful teaching aid and experimental device to study and develop an intuitive insight into gravity‐driven groundwater flow systems. It helps to visualize and understand the hydraulic properties and controlling factors of Tóthian flow systems and may be used to study problems related to the chemical and temperature characteristics of the flow systems as well. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Characterizing the hydraulic properties of unsaturated sand considering various porosities and drying‐wetting paths of the retention curve     

Kai‐yuan Ke  Yih‐Chi Tan  Chu‐Hui Chen  Hsien‐Tsung Lin 《水文研究》2013,27(4):592-604

Previous studies have shown that water retention curve (WRC) and the hydraulic conductivity vary because of changes of the void ratio or porosity of soil. However, limited documents pointed out the change of hydraulic properties of soil when compacted to different porosities while considering both of the drying and wetting processes of the WRC. This information is sometimes necessary for research like finger flow analysis or the occurrence of wetting and drying cycles as what would be seen in the field. Therefore, this study aims to examine the change of WRC characteristics with varied porosity considering both of the drying and wetting path in WRC by conducting a sand box experiment. Results show that the same type of sand compacted to various porosities have different hydraulic parameters. Hydraulic conductivities generally decrease with reduced porosities; shape parameter α of the van Genuchten equation (1980) linearly decreases with declining porosity and shape parameter n in a reversal manner for the sands of interest whether in the drying process or wetting process. The unsaturated properties of sand are further characterized by inspecting the variations of moisture content, matric suction and vertical displacement of soil body subject to periodic changes of the water level by another sand box experiment. The outcomes suggest that the saturated water content and residual water content are changing during the wetting–drying process, which can be an implication of the changed properties of WRC. The characteristics of volumetric deformation might be varied as well because of the observation of the dissimilar patterns of the changing vertical displacements among each wetting–drying process. Infiltration patterns of the sands also are identified through numerical modelling by introducing a constant infiltration flux from the surface followed by a no‐influx condition. Results indicate that less water accumulates in the sand near the surface for the sand compacted to higher porosity, but water can move deeper. Hydraulic conductivity is found as the prime factor dominating the evolvement of wetting fronts. However, shape parameters of water retention curves also affect the infiltration pattern to some extent. In addition, different sands with similar porosities can have quite different infiltrating characteristics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

流动环境中倾斜浮力射流的积分方法   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

槐文信  李炜 《水科学进展》1993,4(4):301-308

给出了基于积分方法的一种倾斜浮力射流的数学模型,且流速、密度和浓度差剖面假定为高斯分布,并导出了用来封闭该数学模型的较为完全的掺入率公式.用计算精度较高的有限分析法计算这类定解问题,计算结果与试验资料基本吻合.  相似文献   

茶卡盐湖溶洞水平均上渗速率的计算─箱状模型的应用     

刘兴起 《盐湖研究》1995,(1)

应用箱状模型的理论，建立了茶卡盐湖及其外围水系的箱状模型，在测定茶卡盐湖丰水季节和枯水季节卤水的水量及流入湖区河水、泉水的流量的基础上，计算了茶卡盐湖溶洞水上渗补给湖水的平均速率，得到了满意的结果。  相似文献   

A review of methods used to determine the fractal dimension of linear features   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Brian Klinkenberg 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(1):23-46

An in-depth review of the more commonly applied methods used in the determination of the fractal dimension of one-dimensional curves is presented. Many often conflicting opinions about the different methods have been collected and are contrasted with each other. In addition, several little known but potentially useful techniques are also reviewed. General recommendations which should be considered whenever applying any method are made.  相似文献   

三维对流云对大气光化学组分的再分布作用及其化学效应          下载免费PDF全文

李冰  刘小红  洪钟祥 《大气科学》2001,25(2):260-268

利用一个三维的冰雹云模式与化学组分输送模块耦合，得到云输送引起大气光化学组分的再分布，然后用一个包含详细气相化学反应机制的箱模式研究了云输送引起的气相体积分数的变化及其对大气化学系统产生的影响。结果表明，云输送后O3体积分数大于无云个例，但其后两天内两者的变化趋势相差不大；HNO3、NO2、NO3、PAN等的体积分数均明显高于无云个例，分别增长了87％、70％、62％和49％，其中NO2体积分数的增加主要由于云输送造成，而NO3、HNO3、PAN主要是输送对化学扰动的结果。两天内OH和HO2自由基体积分数比无云个例平均增长了13％和11％。  相似文献   

DJM10湿度检定箱加湿不能自控的原因浅析     

刘建平  廖长银 《气象与减灾研究》2001,24(1):46-47

详细介绍了新型湿度检定箱内部气路原理及升降湿外围控制原理，并给出故障检修实例 ,供设备检定人员在维修工作中参考。  相似文献   

Simulations of seasonal variations of sulfur compounds in the remote marine atmosphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Seizi Koga  Hiroshi Tanaka 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,23(2):163-192

A photochemical box model is used to simulate seasonal variations in concentrations of sulfur compounds at latitude 40° S. It is assumed that the hydroxyl radical (OH) addition reaction to sulfur in the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) molecule is the predominant pathway for methanesulfonic acid (MSA) production, and that the rate constant increases as the air temperature decreases. Concentration of the nitrate radical (NO₃) is a function of the DMS flux, because the reaction of DMS with NO₃ is the most important loss mechanism of NO₃. While the diurnally averaged concentration of OH in winter is a factor of about 8 smaller than in summer, due to the weak photolysis process, the diurnally averaged concentration of NO₃ in winter is a factor of about 4–5 larger than in summer, due to the decrease of DMS flux. Therefore, at middle and high latitudes in winter, atmospheric DMS is mainly oxidized by the reaction with NO₃. The calculated ratio of the MSA to SO₂ production rates is smaller in winter than in summer, and the MSA to non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO₄ ^2-) molar ratio varies seasonally. This result agrees with data on the seasonal variation of the MSA/nssSO₄ ^2- molar ratio obtained at middle and high latitudes. The calculations indicate that during winter the reaction of DMS with NO₃ is likely to be a more important sink of NO_x (NO+NO₂) than the reaction of NO₂ with OH, and to serve as a significant pathway of the HNO₃ production. If dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is produced through the OH addition reaction and is heterogeneously oxidized in aqueous solutions, half of the nssSO₄ ^2- produced in summer may be through the oxidation process of DMSO. It is necessary to further investigate the oxidation products by the reaction of DMS with OH, and the possibility of the reaction of DMS with NO₃ during winter.  相似文献   

Flow in an aquifer charged with hot water from a fault zone     

J. W. Pritchett  S. K. Garg 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(1-2):309-320

Many geothermal anomalies are intersected by vertical fault zones (narrow zones of fractured material with large effective permeability). These conduits are probably responsible for much of the upwelling of hot water from depth. This paper considers a shallow aquifer intersected by a vertical fault. The fluid flow in the aquifer is numerically modeled as a two-dimensional problem. It is observed that the temperature distribution in the aquifer is governed primarily by lateral flow of hot water supplied from the intersecting vertical fault and only secondarily by conduction. The numerical results also provide a possible explanation for the local temperature maxima and inversions occasionally observed in borehole measurements. The present model is an alternative to that based on mushroom-shaped isotherm distributions found in high Rayleigh number large-scale circulation cell calculations.  相似文献   

Under‐ice salinity and stable isotope distribution of Saroma‐ko Lagoon,Hokkaido, northern Japan     

Maki Morimoto  Kyoko Kawanobe  Osamu Abe  Takayoshi Kawai  Toshiyuki Kawamura  Kunio Shirasawa 《水文研究》2010,24(7):904-916

In winter, lakes and lagoons at high altitudes or high latitudes have interesting hydrological cycles that differ from those in other seasons or in other regions, because water surfaces are covered with ice. Hydrological balances of lakes and lagoons are complex dynamic systems, and to elucidate them, isotopic tracers of water have been used as effective tools along with observations of precipitation, evaporation, inflows, and outflows. Here, to understand hydrological processes during freezing periods in the brackish Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan, we examined horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of lagoon water and ice in 2005 and 2006. Horizontal and vertical gradients of salinity and isotope compositions were observed from the river mouth to the sea channel, and factors determining these distributions were considered. The mixing of freshwater and seawater and a freezing effect were presumed to be factors in relationships between salinity and isotopes and in relationships between surface waters and ice just above the water. A simple box model for water balance was constructed based on these putative factors to reproduce the distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of surface waters and ice. An evaluation of the model revealed that this hydrological system is controlled primarily by horizontal advection of the epilimnion, freshwater influx, and the ice growth rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献