The EU restrictive trade measures against IUU fishing     

《Marine Policy》2016

The opportunities for operators to increase their revenue when illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing catches are converted to currency through the market encourage the persistence and growth of this activity. It is often the same market that is targeted for the legal trade of fish. Thus, paradoxically, the market demand creates and incites it, at least from an economic point of view. To deter IUU fishing activities, some fish and fishery products importing countries have started to enact or implement additional regulatory measures, the goal of which is to tackle the problem from a new trade-related perspective. This contribution provides an analysis of various aspects of the market state competence. Within the framework of the European Union (rights and markets) the study analyses the emergence of regional trade-related measures and explore how they are linked to the international trade law regime especially the World Trade Organization rules. Finally, the paper draws implications for the market state measures and considers their limits and potential in combatting IUU fishing.  相似文献   

Nutrient Recovery from Human Urine Using Pretreated Zeolite and Struvite Precipitation in Combination with Freezing‐Thawing and Plant Availability Tests on Common Wheat     

Zsófia Ganrot  Andreas Slivka  Göran Dave 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(1):45-52

The nutrient rich fractions in wastewater originating from human urine and can be recovered as solids for more efficient recycling, facilitated handling and storage for reuse in agriculture. Freezing and thawing can be used to concentrate the urine nutrients. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) can be precipitated as struvite [(Mg,Ca)(K,NH₄)(PO₄)·6H₂O] by adding MgO and additional nitrogen can be recovered by using zeolites. The zeolite in this study was pretreated in two ways: (i) washed and (ii) washed and thermally treated. The P recovery was high (> 97%) and the N recovery was ca. 50 to 60%. There was no significant difference in the nitrogen recovery among the different pretreated zeolites or between the pretreated and the untreated zeolite. Freezing had a positive effect on the nutrient concentration. The acute toxicity of the supernatants was tested on Daphnia magna to evaluate the possibilities of discharging the remaining supernatants to a recipient. The supernatants from the frozen treatments and from the unfrozen and washed zeolites were much less toxic than those of the original urine. The minerals acted as slow‐release fertilizers in climate chamber tests on spring wheat.  相似文献   

Long-lived magmatic systems and implications on the recognition of granite–pegmatite genetic relations: Characterization of the Pavia granitic pegmatites (Ossa-Morena Zone,Portugal)     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2014,74(4):625-639

It is generally accepted that pegmatites are derived from large masses of granite but, even in areas where complete mineralogical, chemical and isotopic datasets are available, the relation between pegmatites and host granitic rocks or nearby plutons is usually not simple to address. The Pavia pluton, located in the Ossa-Morena Zone (Iberian Massif), is a multiphase intrusive body constructed over ∼11 m.y. by the amalgamation of several batches of magma. At the first glance, pegmatites seem to constitute a very homogeneous pegmatite field. They are mainly “intragranitic” thin tabular dikes, unzoned, layered, or with simple internal structure and are composed by the ordinary minerals that constitute the different classes of igneous rocks. They also present identical whole rock major and trace elements geochemistry and isotopic signature [(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70434–0.70581, ɛNd_t = −1.3 to −3.7 and δ¹⁸O = 8.2–9.6‰] but, based on previously published geochronological data, three generations of pegmatites were identified. Two of these are coeval with the emplacement of the host granites (s.l.) at 328 Ma and ca. 324 Ma. The other is related to a later magmatic event at 319–317 Ma. A similar and rather juvenile source is suggested for host granites (s.l.) and pegmatites but a simple and continuous process of intra-chamber magmatic differentiation is not supported by our data. It is suggested that pegmatites derived from slightly evolved batches of magma that interacted with fresh, newly emplaced, batches (from the same or from a similar source) with limited interaction with the crust. Therefore, the Pavia pegmatites do not represent the final products of magmatism at this level of the crust but slightly differentiated products of different batches of magma. This study demonstrates how long-lived magmatic systems can potentially affect the recognition of granite–pegmatite genetic relationships.  相似文献   

Cadastralizing or coordinating the clam commons: Can competing community and government visions of wild and farmed fisheries be reconciled?     

Evelyn Pinkerton  Jennifer Silver 《Marine Policy》2011

This paper considers socio-political, ecological, and economic dimensions of local efforts to negotiate local control over state-sponsored development of clam aquaculture in one region of British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture is conceptualized as a type of cadastralization, following James Scott's characterization of state efforts to make the productivity of landscapes more measurable for purposes of rent generation and taxation. The discussion invites a rethinking of community resistance to development as less about the notion of development itself than about the terms under which it occurs, since the community engages in its own form of cadastralization as a negotiating strategy. The concept of cadastralization enriches common property theory approaches to ownership and management by highlighting the key role of technological innovations in allowing global market forces to more easily penetrate local property relationships. At the same time it enables new forms of resistance and assertion of local visions of development.  相似文献   

Horticultural Reform in the European Union and New Zealand: Further developments towards a global fresh fruit and vegetable complex     

David J. Hayward  Richard B. Le Heron 《The Australian geographer》2002,33(1):9-27

The coincidental reregulations of horticultural industries in the European Union (EU) and New Zealand (NZ) are the context for this study of the development possibilities for the global fresh fruit and vegetable (FF&V) complex. Both regions developed specific post-war regulatory frameworks that have provided considerable periods of market and organisational stability. Presently, the FF&V industries in both the EU and NZ are experiencing regulatory restarts, in which the uniformities of the domestic commodity chains are being removed and new growth opportunities are being afforded. These opportunities privilege different nodes within the commodity chains, leading to direct and - more profoundly - indirect impacts. The analysis is based upon interviews with key informants in the EU and NZ, supported by secondary data. At the time of this analysis the reregulations are in their formative stages and so the paper attempts to expose the origins and developments thus far, and to sketch the potential outcomes in a broad sense. In both regions FF&V marketing organisations are privileged and effectively relieved of their former grower-community responsibilities. They are thus able to exploit new value-adding opportunities and pursue strategies focused upon fruit quality rather than quantity, the spread of risk, and brand marketing.  相似文献   

Justice and cost effectiveness of consumption-based versus production-based approaches in the case of unilateral climate policies     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

In recent years, climate policy under the United Nations system has been characterized by bottom-up, national approaches to climate mitigation. This raises concerns about the overall effectiveness of these mitigation policies, for example due to carbon leakage. In response to these concerns, authors have repeatedly suggested that policy makers consider a consumption-based climate policy approach. We analyze the potential merits of a switch to a consumption-based policy approach using the criteria of justice and economic efficiency. We argue that emissions must be understood as being contributed by both, consumers and producers, but that this fact does not by itself settle the question whether consumption or production ought to serve as the climate policy base. Rather, the perspective of justice necessitates an analysis of the distributive consequences of switching from a production- to a consumption-based policy.We find that both (global) cost-effectiveness and justice can be improved if the unilateral climate policies of industrialized countries are based on emissions from consumption. There are preconditions, however, the switch in the policy base must be accompanied by clean technology transfer, and if implemented by border carbon adjustments, import tax revenues need to be channeled to developing and emerging economies. We further show that in such a setting, export rebates are of minor importance for efficiency and justice.  相似文献   

三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集时距及参数估计   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

蔡明刚  姚陈  王海宁 《地球物理学报》2012,55(7):2432-2440

在PS转换波资料处理过程中,往往需要联合P波资料提供相应的模型.在实际应用中存在P波和PS转换波层位对比困难.本文仅利用PS转换波数据,通过三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集精确时距关系推导了近似时距解析表达式;分析了PS波的精确与近似时距关系随测线方位、界面倾角与倾向的变化规律及其拟合误差;并讨论了近似时距关系的三个时距参数随方位的变化特征;理论上给出描述时距的三维倾斜界面倾角、倾向、深度、纵波速度和横波速度这5个独立参数的估计方法,并通过理论模拟数据证明了该方法的可行性.  相似文献   

Uptake and biological effects of synthetic glucocorticoids in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)     

Kei Nakayama  Yoshiyuki Inoue  Naomi Ikeda  Naoki Hashizume  Hidekazu Murakami  Takeshi Ishibashi  Hirofumi Ikeda  Tomohiko Isobe  Shin-Ichi Kitamura  Go Suzuki 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

Uptake and biological effects of synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) were analyzed using common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were exposed to clobetasol propionate (CP) or clobetasone butyrate (CB) individually or in mixture at 1 μg L⁻¹ for 21 days. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CB was calculated as 100, and BCF of CP was less than 16. No effects were found in fish erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers and serum glucose levels after exposure to the selected GCs. On the other hand, serum concentrations of free amino acids significantly increased in GC-exposed groups. Thus, exposures to synthetic GCs at relatively low concentrations seemed to cause enhancement of protein degradation and subsequent increase of serum free amino acids without a corresponding increase in serum glucose levels, an effect which might be related to partial induction of gluconeogenesis by GC.  相似文献   

灾害预警平台多源信息多层次精细化编码系统研究          下载免费PDF全文

张迪  李泽椿  施培量  于新文 《高原气象》2009,28(6):1498-1504

由于我国各类灾害频繁发生, 防灾减灾迫切需要建立一个覆盖全国、 畅通有效的灾害预警信息综合发布平台。通过分析对比国内外有关灾害预警信息编码, 设计适合我国国情, 并与国际通用警报协议接轨的灾害预警平台多源信息多层次精细化编码系统, 有效地解决预警信息的地理编码、 信息编码和共享规范问题, 为我国建立覆盖全国、 畅通有效的灾害预警信息综合发布平台提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

The effects of land tenure on vulnerability to droughts in Northeastern Brazil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fabiano Toni  Evandro Holanda Jr.   《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(4):575

This article presents evidence on two distinct farming systems—one that utilizes common property pasturelands and another based on private pasturelands—in the Brazilian semi-arid zone. The research is based on a survey carried out in the state of Bahia in 2002. A bivariate analysis was carried out to compare agricultural outputs and income generated in each system. Data suggest that there are no significant differences between the two groups concerning income generation. However, farmers using common pasturelands have more diversified systems and invest more on small-animal husbandry, which are adapted to the dry environment. As a consequence, families that use common pasturelands have a higher consumption of animal protein. These families are thus not necessarily more vulnerable to droughts than those with private pasturelands. Formulating effective institutions to control access to the commons is a strategy pursued by some communities, yet, their ecological sustainability is still unknown.  相似文献