A review of models and micrometeorological methods used to estimate wetland evapotranspiration     

Judy Z. Drexler  Richard L. Snyder  Donatella Spano  Kyaw Tha Paw U 《水文研究》2004,18(11):2071-2101

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3-D BAROCLINIC NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA I. UPPER CIRCULATION     

蔡树群甘子钧  刘秦玉 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(3):208-216

A three-dimensional baroclinic shelf sea model was employed to simulate the seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea (SCS) upper circulation. The results showed that: in summer, an anticyclonic eddy, after its formation between the Bashi Channel and Dongsha Islands in the northeastern SCS, moves southwestward until it disperses slowly. There exists a northward western boundary current along the east shore of the Indo-China Peninsula in the western SCS and an anticyclonic gyre in the southern SCS. But at the end of summer and beginning of autumn, a weak local cyclonic eddy forms in the Nansha Trough, then grows slowly and moves westward till it becomes a cyclonic gyre in the southern SCS in autumn. At the beginning of winter, there exists a cyclonic gyre in the northern and southern SCS, and there is a southward western boundary current along the east shore of the Indo-China Peninsula. But at the end of winter, an anticyclonic eddy grows and moves toward the western boundary after forming in the Nansha Trough. The eddy‘s movement induces a new opposite sign eddy on its eastern side, while the strength of the southward western boundary current gets weakened. This phenomenon continues till spring and causes eddies in the southern SCS.  相似文献   

Hydrometeorological behaviour of pine and larch forests in eastern Siberia     

Shuko Hamada  Takeshi Ohta  Tetsuya Hiyama  Takashi Kuwada  Atsuhiro Takahashi  Trofim C. Maximov 《水文研究》2004,18(1):23-39

Seasonal changes in the water and energy exchanges over a pine forest in eastern Siberia were investigated and compared with published data from a nearby larch forest. Continuous observations (April to August 2000) were made of the eddy‐correlation sensible heat flux and latent heat flux above the canopy. The energy balance was almost closed, although the sum of the turbulent fluxes sometimes exceeded the available energy flux (R_n ? G) when the latent heat flux was large; this was related to the wind direction. We examined the seasonal variation in energy balance components at this site. The seasonal variation and magnitude of the sensible heat flux (H) was similar to that of the latent heat flux (λE), with maximum values occurring in mid‐June. Consequently, the Bowen ratio was around 1·0 on many days during the study period. On some clear days just after rainfall, λE was very large and the sum of H and λE exceeded R_n ? G. The evapotranspiration rate above the dry canopy from May to August was 2·2 mm day^?1. The contributions of understory evapotranspiration (E_u) and overstory transpiration (E_o) to the evapotranspiration of the entire ecosystem (E_t) were both from 25 to 50% throughout the period analysed. These results suggest that E_u plays a very important role in the water cycle at this site. From snowmelt through the tree growth season (23 April to 19 August 2000), the total incoming water, comprised of the sum of precipitation and the water equivalent of the snow at the beginning of the melt season, was 228 mm. Total evapotranspiration from the forest, including interception loss and evaporation from the soil when the canopy was wet, was 208–254 mm. The difference between the incoming and outgoing amounts in the water balance was from +20 to ?26 mm. The water and energy exchanges of the pine and larch forest differed in that λE and H increased slowly in the pine forest, whereas λE increased rapidly in the larch forest and H decreased sharply after the melting season. Consequently, the shape of the Bowen ratio curves at the two sites differed over the period analysed, as a result of the differences in the species in each forest and in soil thawing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Estimating evapotranspiration for a temperate salt marsh,Newcastle, Australia     

C. E. Hughes  J. D. Kalma  P. Binning  G. R. Willgoose  M. Vertzonis 《水文研究》2001,15(6):957-975

Evapotranspiration was studied at a salt marsh site in the Hunter River estuary, NSW, Australia, during 1996–8. Estimates of actual evapotranspiration (E_a) were obtained for three sites using the eddy correlation method. These values were compared with results obtained with the Penman and Penman–Monteith equations, and with pan evaporation. The Penman–Monteith method was found to be most reliable in estimating daily and hourly evapotranspiration. Surface resistance values averaging 12 s m^?1 were derived from the eddy correlation estimates. Recent tidal flooding and rainfall were found to decrease surface resistance and increase E_a/E_p ratios. Estimates of evapotranspiration obtained using the Penman–Monteith method were shown to be sensitive to changes in surface resistance, canopy height and the method used to estimate net radiation from incoming solar radiation. These results underline the importance of accurately estimating such parameters based on site‐specific data rather than relying on empirical equations, which are derived primarily for crops and forests. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Methodological Development of the Conditional Sampling Method. Part II: Quality Control Criteria of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Flux Measurements   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

A.?K.?Fotiadi  F.?Lohou  A.?Druilhet  D.?Ser?aEmail author  F.?Said  P.?Laville  A.?Brut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(3):577-603

Determination of biosphere–atmosphere exchanges requires accurate quantification of the turbulent fluxes of energy and of a wide variety of trace gases. Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) is a method that has received increasing attention in recent years, because it does not require any rapid sensor for the scalar measurements as the Eddy Correlation method (EC) does. As in all micrometeorological studies, REA measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are valid under some restrictive conditions so as to be representative of a specific ecosystem. These conditions are the homogeneity of the underlying surface, stationary and horizontally homogeneous turbulence. For most experiments these conditions are not fully satisfied. Data uncertainties can also be related to not fulfilling the method principles or to the technical characteristics of the REA system itself. In order to assess REA measurement quality, a methodological approach of data analysis is developed in this study. This methodological analysis is based on the establishment of criteria for data quality control. A set of them, deduced from the mean and turbulent flow, are called ‘Dynamic criteria’ and are designated to control the stationarity and homogeneity of the w function and the validation of Taylor’s hypothesis. A second set (‘REA operational criteria’) is designed to check the sampling process and, more precisely, the homogeneity of the negative and positive selection process throughout the sampling period. A third set of criteria (‘Chemical scalar criteria’) concerns the scalar measurements. Results of the criteria application to data measured at two different experimental sites are also presented. Cut-off limits of criteria are defined based on their statistical distribution and shown to be specific for each site. Strictness of each criterion, defined by the percentage of flagged samples, is analysed in conjunction with the meteorological conditions and atmospheric stability. It is found that flagged samples mainly correspond to neutral and stable nocturnal conditions. During daytime, nearly free convection conditions can also yield poor quality data.  相似文献   

Micrometeorology and Atmospheric Boundary Layer     

S.?Pal?AryaEmail author 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(10):1721-1745

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副热带高压边缘连续两次强降水形成机制分析          下载免费PDF全文

杨晓霞 《山东气象》2017,37(3):62-72

利用常规观测资料、自动气象站加密观测资料、GPS/MET水汽监测资料、FY-2E卫星云图和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对副热带高压边缘山东南部连续两次强降水的形成机制进行分析。结果表明,两次强降水都是由副热带高压边缘500 hPa弱西风槽过境影响产生的,副热带高压主体加强西移,850～700 hPa有较强的西南急流。强降水产生在西南低空急流的前方、暖式切变线附近;西南低空急流加强北上强降水开始,急流减弱强降水结束。强降水区与CAPE的高值区、低层水汽通量高值舌、水汽辐合中心、暖平流中心有较好的对应关系。西南低空急流、GPS/MET水汽监测对强降水的短时预报有一定的指示性。对流云团TBB最低为-78～-62 ℃,各观测站对应最大小时雨量为40～90 mm。强降水期间,850 hPa及以下有中尺度涡旋发展,涡旋尺度小,气压场上表现很弱,流场上表现明显,有明显的气旋性环流中心,在925 hPa涡旋中心东南部的暖平流中心降水强度最大。第一次强降水的中尺度涡旋源地发展,稳定少动,在其东南部上升运动强且降水强度大;第二次强降水中,冷空气在低层从西北部侵入,形成气旋,向东北移动,强降水产生在冷锋前部的暖区中,对流不稳定能量高,降水强度大、范围大。  相似文献   

The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

向洋  杨修群 《大气科学进展》2012,29(3):484-492

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002,this study investigated the effect of transient eddy(TE) on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis.The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement.Associated with such a meridional displacement,the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis.The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally leading the zonal wind anomalies,suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.However,The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity,favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles,the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.  相似文献   

近30a来北半球对流层大气月均环流的涡动减弱现象   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

杨哲  管兆勇  蔡佳熙 《南京气象学院学报》2012,(6):702-711

利用1980-2009年NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究了在全球变暖背景下北半球对流层大气涡动减弱现象。结果表明：北半球涡度拟能30a来整体呈减弱趋势,在北太平洋地区和极地减弱尤为显著,12．5～50°N为影响北半球大气涡动变化的关键区域。由于对流层200hPa以下大气的增暖,特别是中高纬地区显著增暖,减弱了经向温度梯度,使得副热带西风急流的强度亦呈减弱趋势。这与涡度拟能的变化有显著的正相关关系。分析了北半球正压Rossby波动诊断量E和热量经向涡动通量的变化,表明中纬度波能传播在不同地区有不同趋势,而热量的经向涡动输送与涡度拟能的变化也呈现显著的正相关关系,减弱明显。研究结果对深刻认识大气环流变化规律和理解全球变暖的可能影响具有重要意义。  相似文献   

高空形势与山东半岛冷流暴雪的关系     

褚昭利  李建华 《气象与环境科学》2012,35(2):44-48

采用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°资料,对山东半岛2005年、2008年、2010年的几次典型冷流暴雪过程进行了分析。分析结果表明：冷流暴雪的高空形势主要分为高空冷涡型和高空横槽型。高空冷涡型较高空横槽型降雪量偏大,暴雪站点多。高空冷涡型500hPa层以上的位涡值较高空横槽型偏大,高层位涡有利于低层正涡度的加强,促使低层产生低压环流及辐合上升运动,上升运动加强了海面水汽的垂直输送,故高空冷涡型上升速度较高空横槽型强,湿层较厚,高空冷涡型较高空横槽型更容易产生暴雪过程。  相似文献