Brittle Rock Failure in the Steg Lateral Adit of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel     

F. Rojat  V. Labiouse  P. K. Kaiser  F. Descoeudres 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2009,42(2):341-359

Summary  During the crossing of brittle rock formations at the L?tschberg base tunnel, failure phenomena have been observed both at the tunnel face and at the walls. A detailed analysis has been undertaken to explain these behaviours, based on the recent developments of Canadian research on brittle failure mechanisms. At the tunnel walls, a very good agreement is found between the calculated and observed damage and between two prediction methods, i.e. a semi-empirical failure criterion and elastic calculations with the “brittle Hoek-Brown parameters.” Near the face, due to the 3D nature of the stress conditions, some limitations of these approaches have been highlighted, and the growth of wall failure has been analysed. This research allowed a better understanding of the brittle rock mass behaviour at the L?tschberg base tunnel and showed that brittle failure processes dominate the behaviour of deep, highly stressed excavations in massive to moderately jointed rock. It also illustrates where improvements to the adopted approaches are required.  相似文献   

Regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency analysis using the L‐moments method in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin,China          下载免费PDF全文

Dun‐Xian She  Jun Xia  Dan Zhang  Ai‐Zhong Ye  Aditya Sood 《水文研究》2014,28(17):4694-4707

In this research, the regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is studied by the L‐moments method. The research area has been divided into three subregions (regions 1, 2 and 3), which have been identified as homogenous regions. The results of a goodness‐of‐fit test indicate that a generalized normal distribution is the optimal regional model for regions 1 and 2 whereas a generalized Pareto distribution is the optimal regional model for region 3. The return period analysis figures out that the maximum length‐of‐dry‐spell (MxDS) values increase from south to north in the southern part and increase from northeast to southwest in the northern part of the middle reaches of the YRB under different return periods. The increments of quantiles of dry spell under different return levels indicate that drought risk in region 1 is higher than that in regions 2 and 3. The analysis of the occurrence day of MxDS shows that MxDS mostly occurred during winter of 1998 and spring of 1999 in most stations during the considered period. By comparing summer MxDS events, it can be found that mean MxDS values have slightly increased in regions 1 and 2 during the last five decades. The maximum mean MxDS values appeared in the 2000s for regions 1 and 2 and in the 1990s for region 3. The atmospheric circulation shows that the positive anomaly centre in the west of North China, negative anomaly centre in the east of North China and the strong western Pacific subtropical high led to the decrease of precipitation in North China during the summer of 1997. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Excursion to Mid-lincolnshire,Easter, 1905: From April 20th to 26th, 1905     

Henry Preston 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1905,19(3):114-IN4

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Excursion to Flitwick and Silsoe: Saturday,April 15th, 1905     

《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1905,19(3):110-113

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Report of an excursion to Cowcroft Brickfield,Chesham: Saturday,July 10th, 1915     

《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1915,26(5):330-IN1

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地基主动式云自动观测设备外场比对试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡树贞  陶法  马舒庆  张雪芬 《气象科技》2017,45(6):988-994

对2015年1—5月安装在中国气象局大气探测试验基地的Ka波段毫米波测云仪(HT101)和2种型号激光云高仪(CYY-2B、HY-CL51)进行比对试验。试验期间以L波段业务探空气球的入云和出云高度为云高标准,对测云仪从云体探测率、准确性、天气适应性等方面进行分析,结果表明:(1)毫米波测云仪的云体探测率最高;(2)以探空气球入云高度为标准,毫米波测云仪云底高度探测相对偏差最小;(3)毫米波测云仪有较强的云顶高探测能力;(4)毫米波测云仪天气适应性最强,在多层云、卷云、低能见度条件下HT101探测性能优于CYY-2B、HY-CL51。  相似文献   

分子外流源L1211中近红外HH天体的发现     

姚永强  石井未来 《天文学报》1999,40(3):235-246

报告分子外流源Ｌ１２１１ 中新发现的１２ 个近红外ＨＨ 天体．在Ｌ１２１１ 的～４’区域,取得了ＪＨＫ’宽带和Ｈ２ 　ｖ ＝ １０ 　Ｓ（１） 发射线窄带的近红外图像．分析表明,新探测到的许多红外源与浓密分子云物理成协,其中有２０ 多个源表现出典型的Ｔ Ｔａｕｒｉ 星、Ｈｅｒｂｉｇ Ａｅ／Ｂｅ星和原恒星的红外超．Ｌ１２１１ 中的ＩＲＡＳ点源没有被观测到,可能是更深地埋于分子云中．对红外观测和分子线观测消光估计的比较显示,小于２μｍ 的近红外观测还不足以揭示深埋于分子云的整个年轻星团．根据近红外ＨＨ 天体的形态分布和红外源性质,能进一步证认这些ＨＨ 天体的激发源．其结果表明,Ｌ１２１１ 分子云中具有多个红外源驱动的多个外流活动  相似文献   

NMC第二代中期数值预报系统误差的动力诊断     

刘还珠  滕俏彬 《气象学报》1999,57(2):143-156

利用国家气象中心第二代中期数值预报模式计算了１月和７月的预报诊断量。计算结果表明,新一代模式在动力外强迫作用、辐射通量和对流参数化等物理过程方面的改进,使该模式的预报比第一代模式有了较大的改善,模式预报的系统误差明显减小。通过对角动量、热量和水汽的经向输送和收支平衡的分析,认为该模式在地形处理、陆面过程、云辐射和积云对流参数化等物理过程还有待进一步改进。  相似文献   

一定分布模式下的最优Lp估计   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

周世健  邓康伟  陈永奇 《测绘学报》1999,28(1):45-50

观测数据在一定的分布模式下,需从理论上解决究竟用多大的ｐ值进行Ｌｐ估计（最优ｐ值的确定）,本文基于渐近方差整体最小的原则,给出了最优Ｌｐ估计的定义。观测数据中含有粗差（异常值）的扰动,其误差分布可视为污染分布,作者分析了最优ｐ值的大小,结果表明,若观测数据中含有不同大小、数量的粗差,为使Ｌｐ估计差最小,则ｐ将取［１．２,１．５］中的某一定值,Ｌｐ估计结果最优,此结论对测量数据处理具有一定的参考价值  相似文献   

3种海产经济鱼类成熟卵膜形态的比较研究   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

张筱兰  郭恩棉  王昭萍  姚斐  范瑞青  高澜  姚善成 《海洋科学》1999,23(6):48-51

通过扫描电镜对黑鲷,牙鲆和红鳍东方豚成熟卵膜进行比较研究,认为其卵径大小,壳膜厚薄,微型孔小管长短,孔径大小,分布密度,卵膜孔和卵孔管等形态都存在着种的差异,尤其是由漏斗状壁的前庭和漏斗底的卵孔管两个主要部分组成的卵膜孔也体现了种的特异性。黑鲷是深凹陷,短孔道型,牙鲆是浅凹陷,短孔道型,红鳍东方豚是无漏斗状凹陷,仅有一长孔道型的卵孔管和簇拥其周围众多乳突等的特殊结构,这３种鱼的卵孔管内壁肯螺纹,属  相似文献