藤壶亚目物种的系统发育学研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

刘瀚仁  汤雁滨  刘清河  廖一波  寿鹿  曾江宁  陈全震 《海洋开发与管理》2021,38(11):97-103

藤壶亚目是目前为止海洋生物群落中种类最丰富和最重要的类群之一,也是海洋污损生物的重要组成部分,主要分布于岩石潮间带栖息地、深海热液口,有的物种会附着在红树林植物、动物和人工构筑物上。文章综述了藤壶亚目的起源以及分类系统的建立和发展,认为藤壶亚目在下白垩纪从有柄目分化而来,其中篱藤壶科(小藤壶总科)是最早分化出的一支,而后逐渐分化为星板藤壶总科、厚藤壶总科、鲸藤壶总科、笠藤壶总科、小藤壶总科和藤壶总科6支;总结了国内藤壶亚目的研究进展;比较了藤壶亚目系统发育学的研究方法;展望了未来的研究方向,即结合形态学方法与分子系统学方法研究藤壶亚目物种的系统发育关系,为今后研究藤壶亚目物种的分类及防治等工作提供借鉴和帮助。  相似文献   

Statistical Study of Trace Elemental Concentrations in Major Types of Organisms from Typical Chinese Coastal Waters     

郭卫东  胡明辉  石谦  杨逸萍 《海洋通报(英文版)》2004,6(1):66-72

Frequency distribution characteristics of trace elements Fe. Mn, Zn, Cu. Sr and Ba are studied for the marine organisms collected from typical Chinese coastal waters and compared with those of major elements Ca and Mg. Nearly all the distributions for trace elements in macroalgae, benthic molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods and different tissues of fish (muscle, liver and bone ) are found to show some degree of positive skewness, indicating a relatively large number of marine organisms with low concentrations for a particular element and only a few organisms with disproportionately high concentrations. Their distribution types are generally logarithmic normal distribution or nearly logarithmic normal distribution. Distribution of Ca is similar to that of trace elements, while Mg shows normal distribution. Average elemental concentrations of major types of organisms are calculated based on their frequency distributions.  相似文献   

海上围隔羟基治理赤潮试验研究   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

白希尧  白敏冬  吕吉斌  杨波  周晓见 《海洋与湖沼》2004,35(6):513-517

针对化学药剂和粘土絮凝法治理赤潮存在的问题,2002年8月在胶州湾近岸进行了海上围隔杀灭赤潮生物的试验。采用强电离放电的物理方法,将空气中O2和海水中H2O电离离解成OH等自由基,溶解到一部分海水中形成高浓度的羟基溶液,喷洒在围隔内水面上,其比值浓度为4．2mg／L。当海水中羟基浓度达到0．68mg／L时,赤潮生物叶绿素α含量低于检测的最低值。24h后检测杀死灰甲多甲藻、光甲多甲藻、多纹膝沟藻等33种赤潮生物,其致死率达99．8％,其中藻类孢子的致死率达100％,海水水质亦有明显的改善。试验结果表明,羟基溶液是目前治理赤潮可行的、有效的新方法。  相似文献   

雷州半岛东部近海浮标大型固着生物污损特点   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

韩帅帅  曹文浩  严涛  谢恩义  林岳光  程志强  林明晴 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(4):851-857

对布设在雷州半岛东部距岸约30—42km、浸海时间约24个月的3个近海浮标进行了大型固着污损生物分析研究。结果表明,污损浮标的大型固着生物共35种,优势种以侧花海葵(Anthopleura spp.)、变化短齿蛤(Brachidontes variabilis)、网纹藤壶(Balanus reticulatus)为主,其次为翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、刺巨藤壶(Megabalanus volcano)和钟巨藤壶(M.tintinnabulum tintinnabulum)。3个近海浮标均被固着生物严重污损,生物附着量变化范围为3994.20—8641.72g/m2,浮标各部位组间差异不显著。物种多样性指数介于1.49—2.99,丰富度指数1.34—2.68,均匀度指数0.38—0.64。在离岸距离约42km的1号浮标,固着生物种类组成已表现出外海性特点,有少量有柄蔓足类出现,而离岸距离分别约35km和30km的4号浮标和7号浮标,污损浮标的大型固着生物仍为沿岸性种类。离岸距离、采样季节、采样深度、光照强度、海流状况和水域的开阔与封闭程度可能是影响固着生物群落组成的因素。  相似文献   

滨海电厂周边海域潜在赤潮生物多样性特征          下载免费PDF全文

柯盛  张才学  陈春亮  孙省利 《海洋开发与管理》2018,35(9):67-73

笔者于2015年7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)、2016年1月(冬季)和4月(春季)于湛江湾滨海电厂海域开展潜在赤潮生物生态调查,对该海域潜在赤潮生物的种类组成、优势种、丰度以及生物多样性的时空变化特征进行研究,文章分析了各季节的群落结构相似性及季节间的差异程度。调查海域共鉴定出潜在赤潮生物31属78种,其中硅藻门最多(60种),其次为甲藻门(16种),蓝藻门以及着色鞭毛藻门各1种。优势种组成具有明显的季节演替现象,其中冬季、夏季、秋季以硅藻门为主要优势种,而春季则以硅藻门-甲藻门为主要优势种。浮游植物丰度由大到小依次排序为夏季(47.69×104 cells/L)、秋季(10.87×104 cells/L)、冬季(9.07×104 cells/L)、春季(4.40×104 cells/L)。聚类分析结果显示,各季节的潜在赤潮生物群落结构相似程度较低,差异程度显著。Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数季节变化明显,均为冬季最高值,夏季最低值,但季节间的差异不明显。SIMPER分析得出,各组组间差异性几乎均达90%以上,而各组组内相似程度由大到小依次为秋季组群、夏-2组群、冬季组群、春季组群、夏-1组群。  相似文献   

Oxidation inhibitors occuring in bioproducers, recent sediments, ancient rocks and oils     

Valentina N. Burkova  Svetlana I. Pisareva 《Organic Geochemistry》1990,16(4-6)

Native antioxidants (AO) are involved in the transformation of organic matter (OM) in different stages of diagenesis. In the early stages, the geochemical significance of AO can be estimated by using AO consumption index (I). The positive I values suggest that the OM fossilization proceeded under reducing conditions which favoured the formation of oil-source rocks, while the negative I values indicate oxidizing conditions which are characterized by the formation of rocks having a low oil-generation potential. In the late stages of diagenesis, the AO content is indicative of the degree of catagenic (thermal) or biodegradation (oxidative) transformation of oils. The AO contents of Paleogenic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic oils have been found to differ approximately by one order of magnitude. A major portion of AO is concentrated in oil resins and asphaltenes. The ratio of AO to resins and asphaltenes can be used as criterion of catagenic transformation of OM.  相似文献   

Acute toxicity of the insecticide cypermethrin to three common European mayfly and stonefly nymphs     

《Limnologica》2021

Freshwaters are particularly vulnerable to pesticide contamination from adjacent agriculture and forestry. Cypermethrin is a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide, but information on its toxicity to non-target freshwater invertebrates is limited to a small number of taxa. We assessed cypermethrin toxicity to nymphs of the common European mayflies Baetis rhodani and Ecdyonurus venosus, and the stonefly Isoperla grammatica in 96 h static bioassays. The 96 h median lethal concentrations (LC50) we recorded for the three species were 0.08 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L, and 0.13 μg/L, respectively. The effective concentration (EC50), quantified as lack of escape response (implying inability to avoid drift, predation or abiotic stress), was usually 32 % of the LC50. All 96 h LC50 values were lower than the maximum concentrations detected in streams in UK and continental Europe. Alarmingly, the 96 h LC50 for B. rhodani was below the currently applied single-pesticide EU safe drinking water standard of 0.1 μg/L. Contrasts among species were most evident at 24 h LC50, when B. rhodani was approximately ten times more sensitive than the other two taxa. B. rhodani is a key algal grazer, ubiquitous in European streams, and its decline could exacerbate algal blooms. The order of taxa sensitivity to cypermethrin in our study contrasts with their sensitivity to organic pollution in the same region, which suggests a tolerance trade-off, and thus a compounding effect of simultaneous stressors. Mayflies and stoneflies are important prey for instream and riparian predators, and key components of most eutrophication indices globally, all of which could be compromised in presence of cypermethrin.  相似文献   

Antarctic marine chemical ecology: what is next?     

Conxita Avila  Sergi Taboada  & Laura Núñez-Pons 《Marine Ecology》2008,29(1):1-71

Antarctic ecosystems are exposed to unique environmental characteristics resulting in communities structured both by biotic interactions such as predation and competition, as well as abiotic factors such as seasonality and ice‐scouring. It is important to understand how ecological factors may trigger chemical mechanisms in marine Antarctic organisms as a response for survival. However, very little is known yet about the evolution of chemical compounds in Antarctic organisms. Investigations in chemical ecology have demonstrated over the last several years that defensive metabolites have evolved in numerous representative Antarctic species. This contradicts earlier theories concerning biogeographic variation in predation and chemical defenses. As reviewed here, a number of interesting natural products have been isolated from Antarctic organisms. However, we believe many more are still to be discovered. Currently, many groups such as microorganisms, planktonic organisms and deep‐sea fauna remain almost totally unknown regarding their natural products. Furthermore, for many described compounds, ecological roles have yet to be evaluated. In fact, much of the research carried out to date has been conducted in the laboratory, and only in a few cases in an ecologically relevant context. Therefore, there is a need to extend the experiments to the field, as done in tropical and temperate marine ecosystems, or at least, to test the activity of the chemicals in natural conditions and ecologically meaningful interactions. Defense against predators is always one of the main topics when talking about the roles of natural products in species interactions, but many other interesting aspects, such as competition, chemoattraction, fouling avoidance and ultraviolet (UV) protection, also deserve further attention. In our opinion, challenging future developments are to be expected for Antarctic marine chemical ecology in the years to come.  相似文献   

Structure and composition of the consolidated mud tube of Maldane sarsi (Polychaeta: Maldanidae)     

Suzanne C. Dufour  Caroline White  Gaston Desrosiers  S. Kim Juniper 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

Maldanid polychaetes can be important components of marine benthic communities, playing significant roles in particle subduction or sediment irrigation. Many maldanids are known to inhabit tubes consisting of sediments consolidated by mucus; the structure and composition of these tubes, and their potential impact on benthic environments, are poorly known. We examined the three-dimensional organization of Maldane sarsi tubes, using CT scanning together with analyses of sediment grain size and concentrations of Fe, Mn, organic carbon and bacteria in tube material. M. sarsi tubes consist of stacks of individual consolidated mud disks, surrounding a dense, continuous, inner tube. The tubes of M. sarsi contained fewer fine particles than surrounding sediments, and greater concentrations of Fe, Mn, organic carbon and bacteria, especially in the inner zone. These distributions suggest that tube irrigation affects Fe and Mn oxidation and precipitation in a narrow zone surrounding M. sarsi, and that mucous secretion and potential feeding activities (the hoeing of surface sediments) lead to increases in organic carbon and bacteria in the inner, and deepest parts of the tube. The finding of relict tubes, buried at up to 15 cm depth, indicates a relatively high longevity for these structures and suggests a potential importance in biogeochemical cycling.  相似文献   

海水淡化排放的高盐废水对海洋生态环境的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

黄逸君  陈全震  曾江宁  江志兵 《海洋学研究》2009,27(3):103-110

盐度是海洋环境中最重要的生态因子之一,每种生物各有其适宜生长盐度要求,当环境盐度超过该范围时,生物体的生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布都会受到影响.近10年来,随着淡水资源紧缺和海水淡化处理成本的下降,海水淡化厂数量急剧增加,大量浓盐水进入海区导致受纳海域盐度升高.高浓度盐水给海洋生态环境带来许多负面影响,有关浓盐水的海洋生态安全问题备受人们关注.在总结和分析浓盐水对海洋浮游生物、底栖动物、甲壳类动物、鱼类和海草等影响的基础上,指出海水淡化厂排放的高盐废水对海洋生态的潜在威胁,浓盐水的排放使一些经济水产种类产量减少,给渔业资源和海洋经济带来损失.不同地域环境对海水淡化厂排放水的敏感程度不同,且潮流、海流和水团等水文因素以及海水淡化厂的日处理量和规模等因子决定了排放的高盐废水对海域生态影响的程度.为减少排放的高盐废水对出水口附近海域的影响,提出了海水淡化工程合理规划和布局的可行措施,要选择水体交换良好的海域作为海水淡化工程所在地,对排水口要进行因地制宜地设计,做好高盐废水的再利用工作,以最大限度地减少排放的高盐废水对海区环境的负面影响.建议对海水淡化厂附近海域进行有针对性的水质调查和监测,并做好环境风险影响的评价工作;制定及完善相关的法律法规,建立统一的高盐废水排放标准,而该标准则要以排放的高盐废水对当地海洋生态不造成较大的影响为依据,使海水淡化产业的发展有法可依.  相似文献